Introduction. Tourism companies have limitations for the provision of the service in a timely manner, due to the lack of knowledge, expertise and experience in the labor field. Objective. With this precedent, the present investigation has as purpose the identification of the most relevant training needs for the providers of tourist services of  La Maná canton. Methodology. The study is based on a descriptive research that has taken into account the opinion of managers, owners and employees of a representative sample of 32 tourist establishments, whose information was raised through surveys and structured interviews to find out their opinion on the different areas of training. Results. According to the main results obtained, training needs are related to issues of customer service and attention, food handling, gastronomy and languages. Conclusion. According to the surveys applied in the canton of La Maná, it is evident that the limitations of tourist establishments are due to the lack of permanent training in the area.               

Introduction. Citizen participation in Ecuador goes beyond electing rulers, it is a right of citizens to intervene in a leading way in public issues, it is a continuous process of building citizen power. This work aims to analyze the citizen participation processes applied in the Autonomous Decentralized Government of the Gualaceo canton during the period 2011-2019 and how they have been contributing to local development. Objective. To design a methodological proposal for citizen participation in the local development planning process in the case of Gualaceo canton. Methodology. This research has a quantitative and qualitative approach with analytical and purposeful scope. Starting with the data collection technique, the same one that corresponds to primary data such as a survey carried out on citizens over 15 year of age residing in the Gualaceo canton and a semi-structured interview directed to officials linked to citizen participation during the period 2011-2019 and secondary data such as the bibliography review to obtain theories and concepts regarding citizen participation and local development planning, as well as the legal instruments of the Constitution and the application of the mechanisms provided by the CPCCS Council for Citizen Participation and Social Control. Result. As a result of the research, a methodology to promote encourage citizenship is proposed, in order to develop individual and collective human talent, especially in young people to train new leaders who are involved and committed to the local development of the canton; this proposal is subjected to a validation process according to the criteria of experts linked to citizen participation. Conclusion. The suggested methodological proposal for citizen participation has an acceptance of 65.63% according to the criterion of experts, as they consider that it is pertinent, coherent and viable for any instance of citizen participation of the Gualaceo canton.

The construction of a hydroelectric reservoir generates an apparent microclimate; manifested in the variation of the temperature of the surrounding areas. In this research, it is proposed to demonstrate the alteration of the temperature of the urban area of ​​the Paute canton located 25 km from the Mazar hydroelectric reservoir, through the statistical analysis of the annual climatological data obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of the Ecuador (INAMHI), collected by the meteorological station M0138 located at the study point. To establish the ranges of variation of the climate and issue recommendations for the bioclimatic architectural design of single-family homes in the microclimate generated, it was necessary to model retrospective, current and prospective scenarios, for the prospective scenario, climate data was generated with the METEONORM software and compared with 20-year exponential trend curves. With the climatic data analyzed, we generated scenarios for bioclimate studies. Once the bioclimate studies were obtained, a comparative diagnosis was carried out to identify the effects of the microclimate on the hours of comfort, cold and heat. It is observed that the influence of the reservoir generates climate change, directly altering the bioclimate of the city of Paute, reducing the hours of comfort. We conclude that the generated microclimate represents a problem in the bioclimate of the city, for which measures must be taken to mitigate and adapt to the effects it will have on current and future buildings.

In Ecuador, since 2010, planning experiences have been given through development plans and territorial organization in charge of the Decentralized Autonomous Governments in the case of the Gualaceo canton located in the eastern part of the Azuay province. Aim. strengthen and implement strategies for land use planning that guarantees its sustainability. Methodology. Once the theoretical framework of planning and land use has been reviewed, it is necessary to reflect on its compliance with the evaluation of the PDOT in a given period 2015-2019, based on a documentary review, surveys and interviews of the perception of its authorities and planning technicians.  Results. From the analysis of the research, showing a low degree of compliance in each of the strategies proposed in the phase of the proposal regarding the territorial model and the management model, which allows establishing a proposal for the environmental strategy and the strengthening of the strategies outlined in their plans. Conclution. To guarantee a sustainable land use planning, understanding the vision of the canton with governmental leadership aware of the knowledge of the potentials and weaknesses of its territory.

Introduction: Several authors define local development as the consequence of a structured planning where economic, social, natural, political and administrative aspects are analyzed; to this is added the existing legal regulations within the Ecuadorian territory that generates the mandatory nature of planning through the elements called Development and Land Management Plans (PDOT). Objective: To determine the effects of the implementation of the PDOTs on local development in the parishes of the Canton of Sígsig in the period 2014-2014.   Methodology: A quantitative and qualitative approach and the application of the theoretical and empirical method through surveys were used. Results: From the analysis carried out in each of the six parish governments, it was determined that they comply with the elaboration of the PDOTs and the generation of plans, programs and projects; however, these proposals differ in practice, since these proposed projects are not executed, and inequity is observed in the planning and execution. The projects that were carried out were minimal in relation to the proposed projects, generating discontent among the population to the point of indicating that there has been no environmental, social, economic and administrative development in their territories and the little that has existed has been at the initiative of the inhabitants because they do not feel that they have benefited from the Conclusions: Local territorial planning is carried out as part of a legal requirement but not for purposes related to local development, economic growth, environmental care or improvement of governance. In the planning processes, the population does not participate in their own development, highlighting the high lack of knowledge of the population about planning, projects to be implemented and their investment, which has been carried out only in certain areas and few beneficiaries.

Introduction. Territorial planning is very important because its main objective is to analyze the existing problems generated by the actions carried out daily by human beings, which are reflected in inequalities in various scenarios such as: environmental, economic, cultural and/or social problems of the various inhabitants; knowing the existing problems in each territory, it seeks to provide solutions in a given time so that when each of the projects established within the territorial planning materializes, a fair and equitable development for the population is achieved as a result. Objective. Design strategies for a land management plan that takes into account equity in the distribution of benefits in the parish of Chumblín, canton San Fernando. Methodology. The theoretical foundation and research methodology, with a qualitative and quantitative technique by using interviews that were directed to the presidents and social actors of the precincts of the parish. Results.  Once the research part was concluded, we proceeded to carry out the procedure and results of the data collection on the aforementioned case study, the verification of the hypothesis was carried out, which allowed us to confirm that the budget of the parish GAD in the period of 2009-2019, has not been distributed equitably, these results have allowed us to generate strategies for the development and improvement of the planning processes that are developed within the administration of the parish GAD that should be governed by the planning laws and thus make a fair distribution of the benefits within the territory. Conclusion. The population of this parish does not participate in the planning of the territory, causing that the distribution of economic resources is not carried out in an equitable way.

Effective comercialization, as well as the direct delivery of products to the consumer, by farming families, requires an effective knowledge of the distribution chains dynamics. Traditionally, this is obtained by improving value chains and access to markets, however, there are other critical factors that are involved in the process and that also can  interact differently in each community. The purpose of this study was to establish a model for the distribution chain optimization of the of peasant family farming in Quingeo and Santa Ana parishes. The methodology was based on the preparation of surveys to diagnose the main obstacles along the route of peasant family farming. This study shows that the most serious problems of farmers are the lack of market, transportation, unfair prices and diffusion. Second, organizational strengthening and technical assistance also appear as important problems. The study made it possible to define a distribution chain optimization model that visualizes the complexity of the process.

Introduction: Buildings in the historic urban centers, are configured as a subject of particular relevance mainly in their conservation and regeneration strategies, for the cultural value they represent. Objetive: Within this framework, a documentary analysis was carried out aimed at understanding the considerations of deterioration in facades due to pollution, climatic elements and external agents that would allow generating guidelines for a possible intervention plan. Methodology: In addition, the use of nanoparticles technology in photocatalytic materials as an alternative for pollution control was analyzed bibliographically; as a maintenance measure and element for the conservation of the heritage property through the application in the enclosure of adobe masons, thereby contributing to its sustainability, where the historic center of Cuenca was studied. Many and diverse pollutants affect the conservation of heritage good mainly at the level of the deterioration of their facades, where the abstract air is configured as one of the main aspects, as well as climatic elements such as wind, rain and solar radiation. Result: The main results highlight the interactions, self-cleaning and air purification properties obtained through photocatalytic reactions in building materials containing Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles - TiO2 as the main component of photocatalytic technology, since it has as a functional characteristic the one designed to reduce cleaning activities in buildings and to alleviate the pollution that has as a medium to the air. Conclusion: It is recommended at the end of this analysis to give continuity to the present approach that field interventions and experimentation can be made to check the benefits of technology.

The agricultural production of the province is varied and responds to the consumer culture that Ecuadorians have because what is produced in Chimborazo reaches most of the national markets. The objective of this investigative work is to determine which are the main agricultural production items of our rurality. The methodology starts from a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on the inductive and deductive method, the population sample was 359 surveyed and interviewed families, distributed in the different cantons of the province. After obtaining the information, we proceeded to systematize and interpret it, is important to mention that this information was socialized and validated through the associated parish councils in CONAJOPARE CHIMBORAZO. From this research work, the deepening of this study is expected, through other research works fundamentally linked to the determination of production costs and the establishment of their impact on the income of families in the province of Chimborazo. The results obtained indicate that the most outstanding agricultural and livestock crops in terms of production área are: beans, potatoes, alfalfa, and milk production respectively, the same ones that are rooted in the Andean food culture and that have displaced to other autochthonous crops such as Quinoa, Amaranth. Finally, the study ends with the generation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results found, which raise the need to carry out complementary studies that serve as a basis to change the rural productive matrix of Chimborazo considering that many of the crops that are produced today They are very unstable in terms of price in the local and national market, which has a significant impact on the composition of the economic income of rural families in my province.

Introduction: Current vaccines based on protein subunits require immunoadjuvants to reach optimal efficiency, for this, compounds have been synthesized that can achieve this capacity without affecting the human being. These types of vaccines offer significant advantages over traditional vaccines that use complete pathogens. Objective: To develop a synthetic route to obtain an organic compound that has the immuno-potentiating capacity for the human system. Methodology: The research is experimental in normal laboratory conditions. A synthetic route is designed in two stages, the first has the purpose of giving the resulting molecule solubility in an apolar medium, through the formation of an amide by the reaction between decylamine with 4-bromomethylbenzoic acid, allowing the molecule to pass through the cell membrane, unlike the second stage, which is to obtain the structure responsible for the immuno-potentiating capacity. Thin-layer chromatography isolation systems are used to define the solvent systems that were used in liquid chromatography and reaction guides to facilitate the formation of specific functional groups Results: The first stage of the synthesis of N-decyl-4 - ((3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy) methyl) benzamide achieves a reaction yield of 78.66% and in the second stage 53.22%. Conclusion: The compound N-decyl-4 - ((3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy) methyl) benzamide is synthesized according to the characterized NMR spectrum.

Introduction: This research is focused on satisfying the basic energy needs of a small house that did not have electricity, located in the Río Blanco community of Yatzaputzán, Tungurahua province. Initially, and due to economic, geographical and environmental conditions, as a cold moor-type climate prevails, a hybrid wind-photovoltaic system was designed and installed for battery charging, which made it possible to provide lighting and use of electrical appliances; as well as providing hot water through a preheating system consisting of vacuum tubes and flat plate thermal panels. Objective: To generate electrical energy that allows adequate battery charging by applying a control system, in order to optimize operating periods of a converter that uses electrical resistors and converts them into thermal energy. Methodology: The tests were carried out by taking data in situ, considering the parameters of solar radiation, wind speed and average ambient temperature. Results: From the analysis carried out, it was obtained that the monthly average of the wind speed is to  with a reference height of  and the average monthly radiation takes values ​​between  to . To guarantee the correct operation of the converter, projections were made to determine the increase in water temperature, showing that the project has a high efficiency. Conclusions: It was established that by carrying out a preheating process and a constant supply of electrical energy from the batteries and generated by unconventional means with ambient temperature and initial voltage conditions in the Río Blanco community, they produce an average increase in temperature in the operation of the converter in the range of  to .

Introduction. Construction and maintenance costs represent a primary aspect in the design and construction of wastewater treatment plants. Objetives. Design and quote a wastewater treatment plant in the rural area of ​​Riobamba canton, taking the Santiago de Calpi Parish Head as a point of analysis to avoid contamination to the Chibunga River. Methodology. Compound sampling was used for the characterization of wastewater, it was shown that Fecal Coliforms, Suspended Solids, Surfactants, Oils and Fats, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (DBO₅), Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO) and Turbidity were the parameters that were consider for the elaboration of the plant design, data compared with the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment (TULSMA). Results. The treatment plant is projected for 20 years for a population of 1,887 inhabitants and with a flow of 1,479.6 m3 / day. The system consists of a channel, manual cleaning grating system, a primary settler, an activated sludge tank that goes together with a secondary settler, a disinfection tank, it should be emphasized that the sludge generated in the settlers needs treatment and is proposes 4 drying beds. When carrying out this purification process, results are obtained with a BOD₅ 37 mg / L, COD 59 mg / L, Suspended Solids 2 mg / L, Surfactants 0.4 mg / L, Oils and Fats 0.2 mg / L and Coliforms fecal ˂ 2 CFU / 100ml, these results are in accordance with the TULSMA, book VI, Annex 1, table 9 - Discharge into a body of Fresh Water. Conclusion. The total price of the wastewater treatment plant is $31699,40 considering good quality materials for its construction, extending the useful life of the equipment and of the plant.

Introduction. The use of risk significance analysis for ergonomic job design is an alternative that can help reduce harmful effects on the health of workers and pay fines from employers. Objetives. A workstation was ergonomically designed with exposure to uncomfortable postures for the cashier in supermarkets belonging to the La Favorita company located in Ambato (Mall de los Andes), for which the critical variables to be controlled with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method were established and then designed the position anthropometrically to improve posture. Methodology. The design results determine the following angles: arms 20 ° -45 °; forearm: 60 ° -100 °; pronation wrist; neck: 0 ° -20 ° and legs with support. The final risk level of RULA on both sides of the body was lowered by 66.6% by changing the reception table 90 ° from the front and the dispatch table on the right side. As conclusions of the study, we can say that the level of risk due to forced postures decreases 4 points from the final RULA result, considering the workstation design proposal, the wrist must exercise pronation, and the worker must stand with the weight of the body distributed in both legs, and on the work, surface must be rotated 90 ° and the desk for dispatch on the right side. Conclution. The ergonomic redesign of the supermarket cashier's workplace decreased the RULA risk level of the upper extremities by 66.66%.

Introduction. The ancestral, traditional and popular knowledge and knowledge of a people are not an expression of a past, they constitute a compression factor from history to the future. Their rescue results in the preservation of the cultures of a society. In this context, there are weaknesses on the part of teachers to generate systematic actions that promote their transmission and preservation. Objective. Determine the participation of the teachers of basic general education, of the educational unit "Mariano Acosta", Santa María de la Esperanza rural parish of the Ibarra canton, Imbabura province, in the transmission of ancestral knowledge, during the year 2020. Methodology. A non-experimental and cross-sectional study was carried out, where the sample was intentional, consisting of 31 students. An absolute frequency analysis was performed and a quantitative cut-off study was carried out to obtain the content validity of the instrument used through Kendall's W concordance coefficient. Results. Most of the participants are male. Regarding the use of medicinal plants, it is the family that contributes the most in the transmission of ancestral knowledge with 67.7% the contribution of teachers is 19.4%; in relation to: story, myth or legend, the family contributes with 83.9% while the position occupied by teachers is barely 3.2%. Conclution. It shows a low participation of teachers in the transmission of ancestral knowledge, which is why it is necessary to implement didactic strategies that support this knowledge to continue from generation to generation.

Introduction. The determination of a mathematical model to predict the drying of a product is of great importance to establish industrialization processes in this case of the apple produced in the central highlands Zone 3. Objective. Establish optimal temperature and time conditions for the apple drying process. Methodology. Statistically, a completely randomized design was used with three temperatures (45 ° C, 55 ° C, and 65 ° C) and three repetitions each. The following tests were carried out on the final product: physical-chemical: Brix, acidity, pH, ash, humidity, dry matter as well as microbiological and sensorial. Results. The best results were 6.30 ° Brix at 65 ° C, for acidity the best results were at 55 ° C with responses equal to 0.62. For dry matter and sensory tests the best temperature was 65 ° C. The microbiological analyzes showed the absence of microorganisms; The economic analysis showed that the best treatment was at 65 ° C, it was then possible to determine the drying ratio in the apple using the mathematical model based on the equation Y = a + P1 (b1) + MR (b2) to improve efficiency in drying. Conclusion. It was concluded that the temperature of 65 ° C presents better results in terms of final mass after dehydration

Introduction. Currently mobile devices provide great advantages for information management, if they are used within a company, it becomes a versatile tool, but, as well as offering advantages, there is also the other side in terms of security as it must maintain integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information. Knowing that in Ecuador approximately 4.39% are SMEs and that in Riobamba almost 354 are, and since there is no mobile culture in the organization of the company, it is necessary to implement strategies that promote the correct use of mobile devices to support business activity. Objective. Improve security in SMEs by implementing security policies on mobile devices for the safe handling of information. Methodology. A SWOT analysis was carried out where the strengths and weaknesses of the company with respect to the management of information through mobile devices were identified, processes were established from the surveys carried out to the members of the company, the necessary security policies were drawn up to solve the shortcomings that arose, the policies developed were implemented and the validity and effectiveness of these policies in the company was verified. Results. The implemented policies increased the integrity of the data transmission through mobile devices, it went from 13.64% to 86.36%, the confidentiality of the data to 36.36% since before the application of the policies it did not exist, availability was obtained 18.18% on mobile devices, since previously information was obtained from these. Conclusion. The security policies on mobile devices for the safe handling of the information shared with the personnel allowed the improvement in the security of the company according to its initial situation.

Romerillo (Podocarpus oleifolius) is an autochthonous forest conifer of Ecuador that can be considered vulnerable. It is among the most important species as a sustainable and renewable source in the production of wooden articles, and as an element in the reforestation and controlled regeneration of natural forests. The present investigation proposes a methodology for the propagation of romerillo based on the influence of different organic substrates (humus, peat and manure) and altitude floors: Alao community, San Andrés parish and Juan de Velasco parish, belonging to the province of Chimborazo; Through taking horizontal and vertical growth data in a period of nine months, the incidence on growth was determined, which resulted in that the altitudinal floor does not have a significant difference in the growth of the plant; on the contrary, the use of different organic substrates affect its growth. When using smoke, there was 78% survival, with a growth rate of 3.01 cm per month and an average vertical growth of 24.03 cm. The use of organic substrates is necessary to increase the probability of propagation and adaptation of the species, regardless of the altitude floor. With these results, the methodology can be applied on a large scale in order to preserve vulnerable or threatened species.

The following article seeks to demonstrate the importance of the development of Emotional Intelligence in workers in the touristic sector in Cuba. The ability to understand other people’s emotions as well as our own, is tightly linked with professional and personal success. Nowadays its quite obvious that business excellency is based on the right on the management of human resources, therefore, Emotional Intelligence has become a subject of special interest for tourism workers. In order to fulfill the purpose of this article and get a broader vision of the term, the origin, evolution and basic principles of Emotional Intelligence are addressed. Its importance within work environment is exposed later on, and the benefits for the touristic sector are highlighted. Also, there´s a summary of the negative effects Covid-19 pandemic has had for tourism enterprises and how Emotional Intelligence can help mitigate them. Finally, the most relevant conclusions of the investigations are exposed and explained.

Introduction. The development of logical thinking is one of the main skills necessary to develop by students for their insertion into society, since it provides the fundamental tools for conflict resolution, development of critical thinking and analysis of the different casuistry or situations to overcome in different contexts. However, despite its importance, difficulties for its development are still identified. Objective. Strengthen the development of logical thinking through teaching strategies in Scratch in students of the first level of the Software Development career, at the Higher Technological Institute "Los Andes", 2020. Methodology. It has a quantitative approach, a cross-sectional quasi-experimental design and a descriptive scope. The population was considered to be 47 students of the Software Development career of the "Los Andes" Higher Technological Institute. The sample was non-probabilistic for convenience, made up of 18 first-level students. To collect the information, a pretest and posttest were used, which allowed making a comparison between before and after the application of the intervention proposal. Results. The main results showed that students have a low level of development of logical thinking, however, through the implementation of a didactic strategy in Scratch it was possible to move from a low level to a medium of development of logical thinking, finally by evaluating the impact of the proposal there was a significant improvement in the development of the study variable. Conclution. It can be said that Scratch is a useful tool to strengthen the development of logical thinking, since it contributes to improving verbal reasoning, mathematical reasoning and abstract reasoning.

Introduction. Acute appendicitis is a sudden disease that occurs at any stage of life, it is the first cause of surgical care in the emergency service of all hospitals and among the treatments is the appendectomy. Objective. Identify the most robust scale between the Modified Alvarado and the RIPASA scale to discriminate the need for surgery in patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis. Methodology. The research design was exploratory with information collected in the period June 2010 - January 2019, the data matrix compiled information from 400 medical records of patients treated in the emergency service of the Riobamba General Teaching Hospital with said anomaly, considering 18 variables; 5 quantitative type and 13 statistical variables. Prior to the analysis, imputation of missing data was carried out, with the help of the mode for variable variables and through regression for quantitative variables. Results. Of the appendectomized patients, 50.8% correspond to men and 49.3% to women, on the other hand, 50% of the patients are less than or equal to 24 years of age. Grade II appendicitis is the most common in the study (phlegmonous appendicitis), among the main symptoms that help to diagnose appendicitis are migratory pain (71.5%) and pain in the right iliac fossa (98%). Regarding the analysis of the Modified Alvarado scale and RIPASA, it is obtained that the Alvarado scale through the ROC curve has an area (0.583), sensitivity (69.78%), specificity (82.78%), true positive fraction (65.76%) , true negative fraction (20%), contrary to RIPASA with one area (0.594), sensitivity (88.4%), specificity (90.9%), true positive fraction (68.90%), true negative fraction (25.58%). Conclution. It is concluded that the RIPASA scale presents greater certainty when diagnosing acute appendicitis and its use is recommended in the Emergency Services.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender la transmisión de la volatilidad de los principales indicadores de mercado del sistema financiero europeo, hacia los tipos de interés de mercado, centrándose en los precios del swap con vencimiento a un año y pagos a tres meses como variable endógena y los tres índices principales. del mercado europeo como CAD, DAX3 e IBEX35, como variable exógena. Los exógenos absorberán toda la información necesaria de los agentes del mercado como empresas, bancos, fondos de inversión o de perturbaciones externas como los Bancos Centrales Europeos y afectarán los niveles y la pendiente de los precios de los swap. Introducción. SWAP es el instrumento financiero que se utilizará para analizar los cambios de volatilidad en el mercado por ser el derivado más grande dentro del grupo de Activos de Renta Fija. Es con mayor profundidad y liquidez siendo uno de los mejores instrumentos para desarrollar estrategias de mercado de inversión. Apuntar. Analizar la transmisión de la volatilidad del riesgo sistemático, representado por índices de mercado, a través de los precios swap. Resultados. La transferencia de volatilidad del DAX30 y CAD son positivas, en el caso particular del CAD el efecto de la transferencia es significativamente positivo y extendido porque el coeficiente es mayor que 1. IBEX35 proporciona una corrección negativa extendida. Es decir, por cada cambio de un punto porcentual en el IBEX35, se puede esperar en promedio que la volatilidad del swap se mueva en -4,19 punto porcentual. Conclusión: La pendiente de la curva de las variables endógenas estará determinada por la transmisión de la volatilidad de las variables exógenas y el nivel de correlación de las endógenas adoptará con cada índice.