Vaginal infections and mechanisms of bacterial resistance in Latin America and the Caribbean (2013-2023)

Abstract

Introduction. Vaginal infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms that cause dysbiosis of the vaginal ecosystem. Some of the frequent signs and symptoms are vulvar itching, burning, and irritation, among others. It is usually common during pregnancy and is due to hormonal changes. Species of the Enterobacteriaceae family are the main responsible microorganisms. Objective. To characterize vaginal infections of bacterial origin and the main resistance mechanisms reported in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methodology. In this systematic review, the Prisma methodology was used, which presents information regarding vaginal infections, causative agents involved, resistance mechanisms, resistance genes, and molecular methods involved in the diagnosis. Results. The predominant gene was bla _CTX-M in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. In addition, it refers that cephalosporins, penicillins, and ciprofloxacin, among other antibiotics; are not effective for treatment. In the same way, colistin is used as the last line of treatment, and high rates of resistance are reflected in Latin America. Conclusion. Several studies were conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean were findings revealed that the most prevalent species were E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mechanisms used by these bacteria were extended-spectrum carbapenems and beta-lactamase enzymes. While the responsible genes in most of the studies belonged to the bla _CTX-M   classification. Additionally, the elevated levels of resistance that they presented against colistin indicate a health problem, due to the reduction of options to treat vaginal infections.