Introduction: cardiometabolic diseases are one of the main causes of death of people worldwide and endothelial dysfunction interrupts the permeability of the endothelial barrier that is part of the inflammatory response in their development. As such, suppression of endothelial cell activation and inflammation has clinical relevance, promoting this group of degenerative diseases. Objective: to expose the generalities of the endothelium and the association of its dysfunction with some of the main cardiometabolic diseases addressed in the first level of care. Methodology: narrative review of the literature that included fifty-two articles selected based on their open availability and being published in English and Spanish. Conclusion: the endothelium, as an active cell in the inflammation process - including silent or low-grade inflammation - constitutes a target of in-depth study by health professionals who work with cardiometabolic patients, the approach directed at it and its Pro and anti-inflammatory products, in the not-too-distant future, could increase even more in the context of medical treatment and cardiometabolic prevention.

Introduction: an observational descriptive study was performed since September of 2019 to May of 2021. Objective: determ the state of periodontal health in teenagers with orthodontics treatment. Methodology: The objective population of study was conformed of 107 adolescents of Fernando Mederos y Héroes de Bolivia Secondary School of Güines in Mayabeque Province, and an interrogatory and a buccal exam was carried out. To collect the dates a spread was made, and the results were presented in tables. The statistical analysis was made using contingency tables trough x² docile and to obtain significant differences the Duncan Multiple Comparative Docile was applied. Result: the Orthodontics appliance negative influence in the appearance of periodontal disease was concluded and the female teenagers of 14 years old were the most affected. Conclusion: the fibromatous gingivitis predominated, and the most severe cases were related with the poor dent gingival brushing and     fixed    techniques. The illness was presented with more frequency between 7 to 12 months after to start the orthodontics treatment. General study area: teaching dental clinic. Specific study area: periodontics consultation. Type of study: original article

Introduction.  Dental aligners have become an alternative in current orthodontic treatment due to their aesthetic and comfort benefits for the patient; however, it is important to determine their effectiveness to perform different dental movements. Objective.  To analyze the effectiveness of dental aligners in dental extrusion movements compared to conventional orthodontics. Methodology.  A bibliographic and documented review of the digital literature on the effectiveness of dental aligners compared to conventional orthodontics in the extrusion movement was implemented using the following keywords: dental aligners”, “traditional orthodontics”, “orthodontic brackets”, “extrusion movements” and effectiveness” and 29 articles were selected. Results. There is scattered information on the effectiveness and predictability of extrusive movements with both dental aligners and conventional orthodontics.

Introduction. Orthodontics is a dental specialty in charge of correcting alterations regarding the location of the teeth within their dental arches, known as malocclusions. In this context, photobiomodulation (FBM) emerges as a promising treatment that uses low intensity light to stimulate biological responses in tissues in an accelerated way to allow acceleration of tooth movement, thus achieving faster tooth movements. Objective. To determine the effect of FBM in orthodontic treatment by exploring the available scientific evidence on its application in this field. Methodology. A descriptive, critical, and cross-sectional analysis was conducted through a bibliographic review of the literature related to the subject under study, about the consequences of FBM for orthodontic treatment in the digital databases: Pudmed, Proquest and Redalyc using the keywords "orthodontics,” “photobiomodulation,” “laser therapy” and “low-level light therapy.” Results. The results that were obtained during this bibliographic review verified that, the FBM was able to stimulate the movement of the osteoblasts and helped to form the bone around the teeth, the FBM accelerated the dental movement in patients with orthodontic treatment. Conclusion. FBM can speed up tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In addition, a significant decrease in inflammation was demonstrated, as well as a reduction in tooth sensitivity and discomfort after fitting of the orthodontic appliances.

Introduction. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with a pure squamous epithelial component is a rare breast tumour with a prevalence between 0.06% and 0.2%. There are a limited number of case reports on this disease, its molecular features are poorly defined and the underlying basis for the histologic heterogeneity remains unclear. Objective. Describe the case of a 67-year-old female patient diagnosed with metaplastic breast carcinoma with pure squamous epithelial component and mutation of the PIK3CA gene, to analyze the clinical characteristics, histological patterns and to explore the treatment in this neoplasm. Methodology. The methodology used was a case report; the information collected was through the analysis of the patient's clinical history with prior authorization by means of informed consent. Results. A 67-year-old female patient detects a palpable mass in the right breast during self-exploration. She underwent complementary examinations for evaluation, and it was determined that she had metaplastic breast carcinoma with a pure squamous epithelial component with alteration of the PIK3CA gene. Currently, the patient has concluded her adjuvant therapy and is under follow-up imaging studies. Conclusion. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with pure squamous epithelial component represents a rare and aggressive entity that requires an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Knowing the genetic alterations can help treatment and treatment response.

Introduction: The poultry industry, particularly poultry breeding, has witnessed exponential growth alongside the implementation of animal care practices that can potentially lead to cross-contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. One such microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium responsible for numerous diseases. Objective: This study aims to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nares of broiler chickens in Jadan, Ecuador, between December 2022 and February 2023, using microbiological methods. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study population consists of isolates obtained from the nares of broiler chickens from a hatchery in Jadan, Ecuador. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling method was employed, resulting in sixty samples. Results: Biochemical tests identified twelve positive samples of S. aureus among the sixty isolated obtained from broiler breeding chicken nostrils. Furthermore, a high percentage of sensitivity to clindamycin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, and penicillin antibiotics was observed. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. aureus in broilers is low (20%). Adequate antibiotic management practices are in place, leading to low resistance. Hygiene and cleanliness regulations are followed diligently to prevent bacterial spread.

Introduction. Raw milk, being a food source, is susceptible to microbial contamination during manual milking. However, it can contain bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Total coliforms, and Escherichia coli, leading to various foodborne illnesses. To identify Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Total coliforms in raw milk samples sold in Tarqui, Ecuador, using Compact Drt X-SA and EC plates. Methodology. A cross-sectional and observational descriptive study was conducted. The study universe comprised the raw milk samples sold in Tarqui, Ecuador. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling method was employed, obtaining twenty raw milk samples. Results. Among the raw milk samples, 50% exhibited coliforms in dilutions of 1:100 and 1:1000. Additionally, 15% of the analyzed samples evaluated positive for E. coli. S. aureus exceeded the established limits, with a presence of 70% in the 1:100 dilution and 25% in the 1:1000 dilution. It is important to note that rejection limits may vary depending on the standards set by each country, as there is no standardized norm. Conclusion. In this study, the counts of S. aureus revealed high values, surpassing the rejection limits. On the other hand, E. coli registered 15% contamination, while coliform contamination ranged from 35% to 50% in raw milk. The interpretation of contamination indicators should be based on the specific standards established by each country.

Introduction: prenatal screening tests of the first and second trimesters allow screening for common congenital anomalies (trisomy 21, 18 and 13) in pregnant women. Objective: to describe the usefulness of prenatal screening tests in the first and second trimesters for the early detection of chromosomopathies. Methodology: a systematic, descriptive, non-participatory, and non-observational review was conducted using scientific databases and records. PRISMA guidelines and the PICO approach were followed. We selected ten original articles and relevant reviews in English published in the last five years. Results: we reviewed ten original articles on chromosomal screening tests in the first and second trimesters, including noninvasive prenatal screening tests (NIPS). In the first trimester, 57% reported PAPP-A values greater than 0.5 MoM as normal, while 25% showed outliers of free β-hCG in maternal serum (>1.5 MoM). In the second quarter, 25% highlighted the efficiency of marker combinations. 67% of non-invasive antenatal screening tests focused on screening for common trisomies and 33% on sexual aneuploidies and other chromosomal diseases. Conclusion: the health staff and especially the Clinical Laboratory area participates in informing patients about the advantages and disadvantages that each of the tests provides; and promote prenatal care from conception.