Cholinesterase levels as a biomarker of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in and forensic toxicology
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Abstract
Introduction: Poisoning by organophosphates and carbamates is considered a public health problem. The toxicity of these compounds results from the inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes, producing overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors located in the central and autonomic nervous system and the neuromuscular junction. Cholinesterase inhibitors cause 80% of pesticide poisonings in the world. The diagnosis of pesticide poisoning is made through the clinical history, physical examination supported by the determination of cholinesterase activity levels as the main biomarker of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe and argue the importance of determining cholinesterase levels for the diagnosis of intoxication or poisoning by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides and its potential application in forensic toxicology. Methodology: This research work is documentary, retrospective and descriptive based on the systematic search of literature in online databases, according to the items proposed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), which include the identification, selection, and inclusion of the consulted literature. Results: The search allowed the consultation of scientific articles obtained from eight online databases, published between 2015-2023. The studies analyzed demonstrate the proven practical utility of cholinesterase levels in the diagnosis, risk assessment, and monitoring for control or prevention of intoxication or poisoning by organophosphates and carbamates. Conclusion: The bibliographic material consulted made it possible to establish and corroborate the worldwide importance of cholinesterase levels as the main biomarker of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates, contributing to the diagnosis of intoxication or poisoning with this type of pesticide; as well as its potential utility in forensic toxicology.
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