Introduction: Reading represents a fundamental tool for the construction of critical thinking and the intellectual development of those who practice it, being considered one of the most crucial factors for the cognitive and sociocultural development of adolescents. Objectives: This study analyzes the integration of reading in the daily life of adolescents, exploring factors from teaching and learning in schools to the sociocultural aspects of young people. Methodology: Quantitative research of exploratory-descriptive scope was developed to a sample of 100 students in the ninth year of basic education. A structured questionnaire with 24 items was applied, using the 5-point Likert scale. The information was processed using SPSS version 26 statistical software. Results: The analysis of the data revealed significant findings about the reading habits of the students consulted, where 45% positively perceive their reading experiences in the school. Likewise, a similar percentage manifested a high connection with digital technologies in reading practices. However, there is also a trend that could worry schools, because 43% of students express an unfavorable attitude towards traditional reading, even more so when it is evident that young people spend little time reading. The situation of reading habits is complex; since, despite the marked interest of young people in digital reading, the lack of interest in traditional reading persists. Conclusions: The results suggest the need to implement innovative pedagogical strategies that articulate digital media with the development of comprehensive reading skills. General area of study: social marketing. Specific area of study: reading behavior. Type of item: original.

Introduction: Precision Agriculture optimizes input use by leveraging the spatial and temporal variability present within crops, including soil, productivity, pests, and diseases. Its implementation in perennial fruit trees represents a challenge due to yield estimation. In cacao crops, variability in productivity is significant, affecting the efficiency of agricultural management. Although studies on interpolation exist for short-cycle crops, a specific approach is required for perennial fruit trees. Objective: This study aims to validate a method for mapping the spatial variability of CCN-51 cacao yield in manual harvest systems. Methodology: The experimental area covers 3000 m², with 7-year-old grafted plants. For sampling, the area was divided into 36 regular cells of 30 m x 30 m. During the harvest from March to June, pods were collected biweekly and georeferenced using GPS, employing the UTM system and the Mobile Topographer app. Statistical analyses were performed with GS+ and QGIS 3.10, applying interpolation through kriging or inverse distance weighting, depending on spatial dependence.  Results: The study of CCN-51 cacao showed monthly variability in production. Diseases such as frosty pod rot and black pod increased over time. Geostatistical analysis revealed that both the Gaussian and spherical models were suitable to describe the spatial dependence of healthy pods, diseased pods, and dry weight, with high spatial dependence in most months. Kriging interpolation allowed the identification of specific areas of high and low production, showing that the southwest and central zones were the most productive or affected depending on the month. Conclusion: The proposed method allows for optimizing cacao crop management, increasing resource use efficiency, and improving sustainability in perennial agricultural systems. General Area of Study: Agronomy. Specific area of study: Precision agriculture. Type of study: Original articles.

Introduction: in Ecuador, tax compliance has many challenges that persist for the tax administration, mainly due to the high rates of evasion and the fragile tax culture that defines various sectors of the population. Faced with this reality, tax education emerges as a very important factor that seeks not only to inform people about tax obligations, but also to promote citizen awareness that is based on responsible collaboration and the legality of social development. Objectives: the main objective of this research is to analyze tax education as a factor that affects tax compliance in Ecuador. Methodology: the methodology to develop is bibliographic design with documentary and descriptive research. Results: the results were based on the analysis of tax compliance in Ecuador, the importance of tax education and the reality of tax education in Ecuador. Conclusions: as a conclusion, it was determined that tax compliance depends on multiple factors, which are related to socioeconomic, cultural, regulatory and technological factors, where tax education is a synergistic component between each of these elements; therefore, tax education has shown that it is an effective, efficient, productive and quality strategy to generate greater tax compliance in taxpayers; therefore, tax education has been shown to be an effective, efficient, productive and quality strategy to generate greater tax compliance in taxpayers; Therefore, this training must have two aspects, one focused on developing citizen ethics and morals, related to tax duties and rights, and the other on developing knowledge related to the operation of tax declaration and payment systems, as well as tax regulations. General area of study: Social Sciences – Economics. Specific area of study: Tax Education and Tax Compliance. Type of article: narrative bibliographic review.

Introduction: Stress, anxiety, and depression is a profoundly serious psychosocial problem that entails negative consequences, one of the main psychopathological factors that affect the quality of life of educators, as well as the quality of education. Objective: To analyze the influence of psychopathological factors on the work performance of 338 teachers and 6 managers of Circuit 02_5 Mocache-Quevedo, Ecuador. Methodology: A descriptive-correlational study with a quantitative approach was used, a 30-item questionnaire with a Likert scale (1-5) was applied, validated with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.903. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests (χ²) with p < .001. Results: The results revealed that 46% of teachers experience persistent anxiety, 43% show depressive symptoms, and 39% suffer from chronic work stress. This significantly impacts their performance, affecting educational quality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Conclusion: Statistical analyses confirmed significant correlations between psychopathological factors and work performance, evidencing the urgent need to implement psychological support programs and teachers' well-being. General area of study: Administration. Specific area of study: Business Administration. Type of study: Original article.

Introduction: In the context of secondary education, writing is a fundamental skill within the subject of Language and Literature, given that it allows students to develop their capacity for expression, critical thinking and effective communication. Objective: To identify the main writing difficulties of middle school students in the subject of Language and Literature, as well as to propose pedagogical strategies to improve their writing skills. Methodology: A mixed approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: Recurrent spelling errors, grammatical problems and lack of textual coherence were evidenced. Conclusion: Writing difficulties in middle school students require structured and continuous pedagogical intervention. General area of study: Education. Specific area of study: Language and Literature Didactics. Type of study: Original articles.