Introducción: La proliferación de un gran número de hongos, enfermedades y plagas, a causa del desequilibrio de la micostasis del suelo, se debe principalmente al uso irracional de pesticidas, fungicidas y al empleo de prácticas agronómicas ineficientes, como el monocultivo, siembras tradicionales y la deforestación. Factores que han causado serios problemas en el equilibrio ambiental y la salud humana. Una de las posibles alternativas para regular este desequilibrio, es la aplicación los extractos de origen vegetal para el control de los hongos, plagas y enfermedades en los cultivos. Objetivos: “El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la actividad antimicótica y la capacidad de inhibición del proceso de extracción de los aceites esenciales de Eucalipto, molle y romero, sobre los hongos (Fusarium sp. Pythium sp. Rhizoctonia sp. y Sclerotium sp), agentes causales del mal de almacigo Damping off.  Aplicando la Metodología:  de aislamiento, análisis de varianza, Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA)”, separación de medias y prueba de Tukey al 5%, Determinación de dosis eficaz 50, Capacidad de inhibición, Análisis de regresión lineal; obteniendo los siguientes. Resultados: “Los hongos en estudio son de lento crecimiento, ningún patógeno pudo poblar la superficie de la caja Petri desde las 24 a las 120 horas, presentándose el ritmo de crecimiento radial en el siguiente orden: Pythium sp.  con 32mm, Rhizoctonia sp. con 30.82 mm, Fusarium sp. con 23.42mm y finalmente Sclerotium sp con 19 mm. Los mejores tratamientos fueron los destilados de Eucalipto, molle y romero y la fracción del agua residual de Romero que lograron inhibir el 91,46%; 93,48% y 94.26% sobre Fusarium Sp., Phytium Sp., Rhizoctonia sp. y Sclerotium sp. respectivamente. Conclusiones: “La utilización de los aceites esenciales son eficientes para el control de plagas, por lo que haciendo una comparación con el fungicida Benomil mediante la determinación de la dosis eficaz 50% es recomendable utilizar los extractos y destilados para no causar problemas de salud, y afectaciones ambientales. Área de estudio general: Fitopatología. Área de estudio Específico: Actividad Antifúngica.

Introduction. The field of Industrial Design requires a wide range of skills, among which mechanical reasoning and spatial relationships stand out. Mechanical reasoning involves understanding the elements and their interaction in mechanical systems, while spatial relationships involve the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space. These competencies are essential for conceiving and communicating effective design ideas. The research employs the TAD-5 Differential Aptitude Test to identify areas of improvement in these skills and propose pedagogical strategies to strengthen them in the Industrial Design curriculum. Improving these competencies will not only benefit students in addressing design challenges, but will also contribute to the growth and excellence of the field. Objective. To evaluate and the level of development of the competencies of Mechanical Reasoning and Spatial Relationships in Industrial Design students, using the Differential Aptitude Test TAD-5. Methodology. The study adopts a quantitative approach, focused on the quantification of collected data, but recognizes the need to fully understand the investigated phenomenon. Numerical data collection and analysis techniques are employed, such as descriptive and inferential statistics, together with instruments such as questionnaires or tests with numerical responses or measurement scales. Although quantitative analysis is privileged, in order to provide a more complete context and to understand the experiences and perceptions of the participants. The study population comprises 49 students, divided into 32 first semester students and 17 eighth semester students, representing both the beginning and the end of their academic training in the context of Industrial Design. Results. The purpose of the evaluation conducted in the first and last semester of the Industrial Design Career is to determine whether students have acquired a greater set of skills and abilities during their academic career. Although the results show a superior performance in eighth semester students compared to first semester students, the difference is not significant, indicating limited progress in the development of skills during training. Improvement actions are proposed, including repeating the test with a new questionnaire, involving more teachers for better control and execution of the test, and improving the environment and quality of the images used. It is planned to elaborate a plan to foster the development of skills in future Industrial Design Engineers, with short, medium and long term actions that include the identification of external courses, the revision of minimum contents of subjects and modifications in the curriculum to adapt it to the current professional demands. Conclusion. The study highlights the critical importance of the competencies of Mechanical Reasoning and Spatial Relationships in Industrial Design, essential for the conceptualization, creation and effective communication of design ideas. The use of the TAD-5 Differential Aptitude Test proved valuable in assessing these competencies in students, revealing that there is no significant difference between the competency levels of first and eighth semester students. Although the proficiency levels are similar, deficiencies are identified in Mechanical Reasoning, indicating the need for adjustments in the curricular content and pedagogical strategies of the Industrial Design program to strengthen these skills through specific and practical teaching approaches. General area of study: Industrial Design. Specific Area of Study: Technical Drawing

The epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics of mammary neoplasms in domestic bitches are valuable information to analyze the behavior of the disease and are a potential resource to promote advances in mammary neoplasms. The objective of this research work was to evaluate and analyze the classification of histopathological grades in the various mammary neoplasms in domestic bitches and to identify possible risk factors such as age, breed, nutrition and lack of sterilization and how these factors influence in the appearance of mammary neoplasms and the survival time of the patients. The most frequent tumors were complex adenoma, benign mixed tumor, complex carcinoma, and mixed-type carcinoma. The most frequently affected breeds were the Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Yorkshire Terrier, German Shepherd and only the Cocker, with the Labrador showing the highest risk. In general, the data indicate that mammary neoplasms mainly affect entire females, adults older than 8 years of different races; It presents with high mortality and short survival in patients with a large malignant tumor; however, the most affected breeds are not necessarily the most predisposed. Furthermore, feeding factors and early sterilization do not play an important role in the presence of mammary neoplasms in domestic bitches.

Overweight and Obesity are the most common nutritional diseases in dogs and cats. The big difference between overweight in pets and humans is that animals do not have the ability to control their weight. They depend solely and exclusively on what their owner serves them. From one year of age it is essential to provide them with the recommended diet for their age, species and breed. Otherwise, we will lead them to become overweight, and from there to obesity. Obesity is defined as excess body fat sufficient to cause disease. When the animal consumes more calories than it expends, fat accumulates in the body. In dogs, overweight begins when the animal exceeds between 15 and 30% the weight established as normal for the breed. Above 30%, we would be talking about obesity. In the case of cats, they are considered overweight when they exceed their “ideal weight” by more than 10%, and they are considered obese when they exceed it by 20%. Health and longevity are affected by excessive fat deposits in the body. Diseases associated with obesity and overweight include traumatic or degenerative orthopedic disorders, cardiovascular disease manifesting with congestive heart failure, exercise and heat intolerance, predisposition to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. and compromised immune function. On the other hand, obesity and overweight increase the risk of suffering from breast tumors, and this is related not only to obesity but also to the consumption of homemade food and red meat. This bibliographic review of literature seeks to gather and summarize scientific, updated and specific information about the pathologies that are associated with overweight and obesity in dogs and cats, with the aim of understanding the physiology of the pathology and how the Medical professional A veterinarian can intervene in a timely manner to control these disorders associated with pet nutrition.

Introduction: Folate deficiency is a health problem that can have significant consequences, especially during pregnancy. Folic acid, a synthetic form of folate, is crucial for cell development and the formation of the fetal nervous system. The shortage of this B vitamin in pregnant women is a major concern in maternal and child health, as it has been associated with serious complications. Objective: Determine the risk factors and disorders due to folate deficiency in pregnant women. Methodology: The development of this study is based on a type of descriptive research that allows analyzing the detailed variables in the theme or main idea. The research carried out has a qualitative approach that is based on the analysis of risk factors for folate deficiency in pregnant women. The descriptive study is based on the analysis of the established variables and analyzing the correlation between both. Results: The critical importance of folate during pregnancy and the harmful consequences that arise from its deficiency. The relationship between a lack of folate and neural tube defects is a central point, since this vitamin is essential for the correct formation of the neural tube in the fetus. Conclusion: Crucial factors that affect folate deficiency during pregnancy were identified, such as inadequate intake of foods rich in folate, clinical conditions such as celiac disease or intestinal diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, and a history of pregnancies with defects. of the neural tube.

Introducción: La convergencia entre los medios escritos y los Derechos Colectivos es esencial en la dinámica informativa, especialmente en el ámbito de los medios impresos, donde la prensa ejerce un poder significativo al moldear opiniones, informar y catalizar acciones en la sociedad. Objetivos: El objetivo de la investigación es: a) Identificar los Derechos Colectivos con mayor con mayor incidencia en los medios. b) Analizar como aporta la prensa en la difusión de noticias sobre los Derechos Colectivos. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, analiza la cobertura de derechos colectivos en los diarios La Prensa y Los Andes en el periodo 2022. Se revisaron 877 publicaciones en La Prensa y 484 en Los Andes. La muestra aleatoria incluyó 255 notas de La Prensa (enero, mayo, noviembre) y 144 de Los Andes (febrero, julio, septiembre). En total, se examinaron 399 notas periodísticas, con la cobertura de Derechos Colectivos. Resultados: Ambos diarios comparten un fuerte compromiso con la diversidad, la inclusión y la relevancia, evidenciado en sus iniciativas específicas para colectivos y la ausencia de restricciones en la cobertura de noticias. Conclusiones: La Prensa y Los Andes desempeñan un papel fundamental al informar y sensibilizar a la sociedad sobre la importancia de los Derechos Colectivos en la construcción de sociedades equitativas y justas. Área de  estudio  general: Comunicación. Área de estudio Específico: Derechos Colectivos

Introduction. Business diversification involves strategic expansion into new products, services, or markets, offering companies opportunities to mitigate risks, take advantage of synergies and strengthen their position in a competitive environment. Aim. Expand the companies' portfolio to reach new market segments to enhance growth by satisfying various consumer needs. Methodology. The research design was based on the positivist research paradigm, type of research, non-experimental and transversal field design with documentary support, level of descriptive research, sample of 384, the questionnaire instrument was used, validated through expert judgment. Results. 38% of the participants in the survey indicated that they had chosen to incorporate new products or services into an existing line as part of their strategy. In addition, 30% indicated that they had decided to manufacture products or provide services that they previously acquired from third parties. Regarding related or horizontal diversification, which represents 25%, this refers to the introduction of products or services linked to the main activity of the company. On the other hand, unrelated or conglomerate diversification, representing 7.13%, stands out as a riskier strategy to enter new markets. Conclusion. Productive diversification is presented as a fundamental strategy, providing companies with the possibility of reducing risks, discovering new possibilities, and strengthening their capacity to adapt in a constantly changing business context. General study area: Management of organizations with social responsibility, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Specific study area: Quality, Productivity, Social Responsibility and Marketing.

Introduction. Foreign trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries, promoting economic globalization and generating opportunities for growth, competition, and collaboration at an international level. Aim. Analyze and promote the opening of markets, economic collaboration between nations with the purpose of promoting growth, increasing efficiency, and facilitating access to goods and services on a global scale. Methodology. The methodology used in this study consisted of conducting a descriptive, bibliographic, and analytical documentary review, focused on the collection and analysis of documents and information. Results. Regarding Ecuadorian exports, the United States leads as the main destination for oil, representing 42%, followed by Panama and Chile. Regarding non-oil exports, China emerges as the main recipient, accounting for 28.5% of these products. Shrimp tops the list of main exported items, with a value of 1,149.2 million dollars, followed by lead and copper concentrates with 294.0 million dollars, and other mining products with 52.5 million dollars. The United States is positioned as the second destination for non-oil exports, representing 19.1% of the total. Among the products highlighted to this country are shrimp (326.3 million dollars), bananas (125.7 million dollars), gold (90.5 million dollars) and flowers (86.9 million dollars). This scenario reflects the diversity and relevance of Ecuadorian exports in the international arena. Conclusion. International trade agreements and free trade involve the creation of a global environment that favors the opening of markets, elimination of barriers and facilitates the exchange of goods and services to promote economic development. General study area: Management of organizations with social responsibility, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Specific study area: Quality, Productivity, Social Responsibility and Marketing.

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is one of the main problems affecting public health; due to the presence of risk factors, it is advancing every day in the world and the number of people who are affected in their quality of life is increasing. Objective: To characterize the risk factors for hypertension in patients at the San Simón Health Center in 2023. Methodology: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The universe and sample of the study consisted of 16 patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension from the San Simón area, as it is an optimal number for the study and who attend to frequent control of their pathology. The variables used were age, sex, occupation, risk factors for hypertension (personal pathological history, family pathological history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, eating habits, toxic habits such as alcoholism, smoking and caffeine consumption. Results: 75% of the patients were over 51 years of age. A predominance of women was found, occupying 75%. 31% are retirees. APF was a risk factor for 56% of patients, with 12 patients predominating females, followed by personal pathological history. Conclusions: The high genetic predisposition, age and the suffering of associated comorbidities and modifiable risk factors in the studied population increase the risk of hypertension. General Area of Study:  Medicine. Specific area of study:  Cardiology. Type of study: original.

Introduction: currently, a significant increase has been observed in the number of fires that especially affect commercial footwear stores, without effective preventive measures being adopted to reduce possible losses. A simulation of a polyurethane footwear warehouse was carried out using the Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) software and the SmokView smoke viewer. To have a point of comparison, the fire scenario was first modeled without implementing any prevention or control measures. Then, a second fire scenario was simulated by designing a water sprinkler system in the enclosure room with the highest thermal load following the UNE 12845 standard and the NFPA 13 standard. Afterwards, to check the effectiveness of the smoke removal and the temperature of the fire in the premises, an inorganic fire retardant based on Mg (OH)2 was used in the feed water of the Sprinklers system, modifying the Heat Growth Curve (CCC) by 18%. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of different fire mitigation strategies in a footwear warehouse through simulations with CFAST software, identifying innovative technologies to reduce firepower release (HRR) and optimize fire activation times. suppression systems. Methodology: The fire simulation was carried out using the CFAST software, considering the environmental conditions of the city of Ambato and the thermodynamic properties of the materials in the footwear warehouse. A water Sprinkler system was designed according to NFPA 13 and UNE 12845 regulations. In addition, the effect of the inorganic fire retardant based on Mg (OH)2 on the Sprinkler system was evaluated. Results: the results indicate a smoke saturation time of 1510sec and an enclosure temperature of 34°C at 34sec without a fire protection system. In the simulation of a water-based firefighting system, the following were determined: a) the smoke saturation time in all rooms at 67 seconds, b) the time necessary to cool the room was 1500 seconds. to reach 34°C. Finally, the fire simulation using the fire retardant reduced the cooling time of the room by 22.56% until it reached a cold temperature of 35 °C. The simulation was carried out for the city of Ambato, at an altitude of 2560 m, with a temperature of 16 °C, a pressure of 97172.02 for a relative humidity of 65% and a limit amount of oxygen of 15%. Conclusions: The implementation of fire mitigation strategies, such as the use of water sprinkler systems and the use of inorganic fire retardants, can significantly reduce response times in the event of a fire and minimize the risk of material and human losses in commercial establishments. footwear. It is crucial to consider the technical effectiveness and economic viability of these measures to promote their adoption into local regulations and improve fire safety throughout the commercial sector.