Secuelas crónicas cardiovasculares Post- SARS-CoV-2
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Apr 5, 2023
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Introducción. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 representa un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, incluso varios años posteriores a su aparición, el desarrollo de patologías crónicas muestra una serie de complicaciones a nivel sistémico, con principal afectación a nivel cardiovascular de forma crónica, esto ha llevado a la investigación de la fisiopatología y las consecuencias pueden presentarse ante la presencia de esta patología. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto de las secuelas crónicas cardiovasculares posterior a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática, de manera crítica en artículos de revistas científicas, analizando las publicaciones referentes a las complicaciones a nivel cardiovascular causadas por el SARS-CoV-2. Para la revisión bibliográfica se analizaron 126 citas, las mismas que fueron sometidas a criterios de inclusión y exclusión, dando como resultado final 54 artículos seleccionados para la presente revisión. Resultados. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 causan afectaciones de manera crónica en el sistema cardiovascular partiendo de la actividad del sistema inmunitario, activación de citoquinas, daño endotelial y miocárdico, causando modificaciones estructurales y funcionales; las patologías que más se mencionan en los estudios analizados detallan: insuficiencia y arritmias cardíacas, miocardiopatías, isquemia vascular, taquicardia paroxística postural e hipertensión arterial. Conclusión. Las secuelas crónicas cardiovasculares posteriores a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, genera un gran impacto en la población debido a que aumentan las tasas de morbimortalidad a corto y largo plazo; además, la disminución de la calidad de vida en pacientes aparentemente sanos y en aquellos con comorbilidades preexistentes.
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Sailema Sailema, E. E., & Cruz Castillo , Y. M. (2023). Secuelas crónicas cardiovasculares Post- SARS-CoV-2. Ciencia Digital, 7(2), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v7i2.2523
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Referências
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Chadda, K. R., Blakey, E. E., Huang, C. L. H., & Jeevaratnam, K. (2022). Long COVID-19 and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is Dysautonomia to Be Blamed? Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.860198
Fan, B. E., & Cheung, C. (2022). Post COVID-19 Arterial Thromboembolism: A Clear and Present Danger. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 48(1), 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1728717
Farshidfar, F., Koleini, N., & Ardehali, H. (2021). Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. JCI Insight, 6(13). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI.INSIGHT.148980
Fernández, E., & Silva, C. (2022). Revisión bibliográfica: tormenta de citoquinas producida por COVID-19. Investigación y Desarrollo, 12(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.31243/id.v12.2020.987
Fernández, E., & Zavala, A. (2023). Efectos del aislamiento social en el estado cognitivo de personas mayores de 65 años durante la pandemia SARS-Cov2, estudio comparativo longitudinal. 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2023.01.2592
Gyöngyösi, M., Alcaide, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Camici, G. G., Steffens, S., Tschöpe, C., Linthout, S. van, & Davidson, S. M. (2022). Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Cardiovascular Research, 9, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115
Han, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, L., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Hurtado, R., Lacko, L. A., Sun, X., Gade, A. R., Higgins, C. A., Sisso, W. J., Dong, X., Wang, M., Chen, Z., Ho, D. D., Pitt, G. S., Schwartz, R. E., Tenoever, B. R., Evans, T., & Chen, S. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induces Ferroptosis of Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Cells. Circulation Research, 130(7), 963–977. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.320518
Iqbal, F. M., Lam, K., Sounderajah, V., Clarke, J. M., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2021). Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 36, 100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2021.100899
Ishihara, T., Iida, O., Takahara, M., Tsujimura, T., Higashino, N., Hata, Y., Toyoshima, T., Nakao, S., & Mano, T. (2022). Clinical course of patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia developing COVID-19. Journal of Cardiology, 80(6), 545–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JJCC.2022.07.010
Keihanian, F., & Bigdelu, L. (2020). Cardiovascular considerations in COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 16, 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S264377
Lasica, R., Djukanovic, L., Mrdovic, I., Savic, L., Ristic, A., Zdravkovic, M., Simic, D., Krljanac, G., Popovic, D., Simeunovic, D., Rajic, D., & Asanin, M. (2022). Clinical Medicine Acute Coronary Syndrome in the COVID-19 Era-Differences and Dilemmas Compared to the Pre-COVID-19 Era. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113024
Lin, S., Kantor, R., & Clark, E. (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 37(4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.05.001
Maestre, M. M., Arias, Á., Mata-Vázquez, E., Martín-Toledano, M., López-Larramona, G., María Ruiz-Chicote, A., Nieto-Sandoval, B., & Lucendo, A. J. (2021). Clinical Medicine Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge. J. Clin. Med, 10, 2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132945
Milovančev, A., Petrović, M., Popadić, V., Miljković, T., Klašnja, S., Djuran, P., Ilić, A., Kovačević, M., Milosavljević, A. S., Brajković, M., Crnokrak, B., Memon, L., Milojević, A., Todorović, Z., Čanković, M., Šarkanović, M. L., Bjelić, S., Tadić, S., Redžek, A., & Zdravković, M. (2022). Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(7), 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM11071791
Nascimento, B. R., & Sable, C. (2022). Cardiac involvement in COVID-19: cause or consequence of severe manifestations? Heart, 108(1), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/HEARTJNL-2021-320246
Nguyen, J. L., Yang, W., Ito, K., Matte, T. D., Shaman, J., & Kinney, P. L. (2016). Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Cardiology, 1(3), 274. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2016.0433
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2021). Enfermedades cardiovasculares. https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Neubauer, S., & Lüscher, T. F. (2022). Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. 1157–1172.
Rinaldi, R., Basile, M., Salzillo, C., Grieco, D. L., Caffè, A., Masciocchi, C., Lilli, L., Damiani, A., la Vecchia, G., Iannaccone, G., Bonanni, A., de Pascale, G., Murri, R., Fantoni, M., Liuzzo, G., Sanna, T., Massetti, M., Gasbarrini, A., Valentini, V., & Montone, R. A. (2022). Myocardial Injury Portends a Higher Risk of Mortality and Long-Term Cardiovascular Sequelae after Hospital Discharge in COVID-19 Survivors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195964
Sahni, S., Gupta, G., Sarda, R., Pandey, S., Pandey, R. M., & Sinha, S. (2021). Impact of metabolic and cardiovascular disease on COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSX.2021.102308
Taher, F., Eysa, A., Fahmy, D., Shalaby, A., Mahmoud, A., El-Melegy, M., Abdel Razek, A. A. K., & El-Baz, A. (2022). COVID-19 and myocarditis: a brief review. Frontiers in Bioscience - Landmark, 27(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.31083/J.FBL2702073/2768-6698-27-2-073.PDF
Tobler, D. L., Pruzansky, A. J., Naderi, S., Ambrosy, A. P., & Slade, J. J. (2022). Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19: Emerging Data Relevant to the Cardiovascular Clinician. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 24(7), 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11883-022-01032-8/FIGURES/1
Umesh, A., Pranay, K., Pandey, R. C., & Gupta, M. K. (2022). Evidence mapping and review of long-COVID and its underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Infection, 50(5), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01835-6
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.1585
Weber, B., Siddiqi, H., Zhou, G., Vieira, J., Kim, A., Rutherford, H., Mitre, X., Feeley, M., Oganezova, K., Varshney, A. S., Bhatt, A. S., Nauffal, V., Atri, D. S., Blankstein, R., Karlson, E. W., Di Carli, M., Baden, L. R., Bhatt, D. L., & Woolley, A. E. (2022). Relationship Between Myocardial Injury During Index Hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Longer-Term Outcomes. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022010
Yuan, L., Zhu, H., Zhou, M., Ma, J., Chen, R., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Wu, K., Cai, M., Hong, J., Li, L., Liu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, T., Ge, S., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., & Xia, N. (2021). Gender associates with both susceptibility to infection
American Heart Association. (2020, May). Coronavirus precautions for patients and others facing higher risks. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-covid-19-resources/coronavirus-precautions-for-patients-and-others-facing-higher-risks
Ammirati, E., Lupi, L., Palazzini, M., Hendren, N. S., Grodin, J. L., Cannistraci, C. v, Schmidt, M., Hekimian, G., Peretto, G., Bochaton, T., Hayek, A., Piriou, N., Leonardi, S., Guida, S., Turco, A., Sala, S., Uribarri, A., Vourc, M., Cannatà, A., & Kerneis, M. (2022). COVID-19 – Associated Acute Myocarditis. 1123–1139. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056817
Arévalos, V., Ortega, L., Rodríguez, J. J., López, M. C., Castrillo-Golvano, L., Salazar-Rodríguez, A., Sabaté-Tormos, M., Spione, F., Sabaté, M., & Brugaletta, S. (2021). Acute and Chronic Effects of COVID-19 on the Cardiovascular System. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 2021, Vol. 8, Page 128, 8(10), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCDD8100128
Chadda, K. R., Blakey, E. E., Huang, C. L. H., & Jeevaratnam, K. (2022). Long COVID-19 and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is Dysautonomia to Be Blamed? Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.860198
Fan, B. E., & Cheung, C. (2022). Post COVID-19 Arterial Thromboembolism: A Clear and Present Danger. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 48(1), 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1728717
Farshidfar, F., Koleini, N., & Ardehali, H. (2021). Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. JCI Insight, 6(13). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI.INSIGHT.148980
Fernández, E., & Silva, C. (2022). Revisión bibliográfica: tormenta de citoquinas producida por COVID-19. Investigación y Desarrollo, 12(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.31243/id.v12.2020.987
Fernández, E., & Zavala, A. (2023). Efectos del aislamiento social en el estado cognitivo de personas mayores de 65 años durante la pandemia SARS-Cov2, estudio comparativo longitudinal. 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2023.01.2592
Gyöngyösi, M., Alcaide, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Camici, G. G., Steffens, S., Tschöpe, C., Linthout, S. van, & Davidson, S. M. (2022). Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Cardiovascular Research, 9, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115
Han, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, L., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Hurtado, R., Lacko, L. A., Sun, X., Gade, A. R., Higgins, C. A., Sisso, W. J., Dong, X., Wang, M., Chen, Z., Ho, D. D., Pitt, G. S., Schwartz, R. E., Tenoever, B. R., Evans, T., & Chen, S. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induces Ferroptosis of Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Cells. Circulation Research, 130(7), 963–977. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.320518
Iqbal, F. M., Lam, K., Sounderajah, V., Clarke, J. M., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2021). Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 36, 100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2021.100899
Ishihara, T., Iida, O., Takahara, M., Tsujimura, T., Higashino, N., Hata, Y., Toyoshima, T., Nakao, S., & Mano, T. (2022). Clinical course of patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia developing COVID-19. Journal of Cardiology, 80(6), 545–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JJCC.2022.07.010
Keihanian, F., & Bigdelu, L. (2020). Cardiovascular considerations in COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 16, 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S264377
Lasica, R., Djukanovic, L., Mrdovic, I., Savic, L., Ristic, A., Zdravkovic, M., Simic, D., Krljanac, G., Popovic, D., Simeunovic, D., Rajic, D., & Asanin, M. (2022). Clinical Medicine Acute Coronary Syndrome in the COVID-19 Era-Differences and Dilemmas Compared to the Pre-COVID-19 Era. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113024
Lin, S., Kantor, R., & Clark, E. (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 37(4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.05.001
Maestre, M. M., Arias, Á., Mata-Vázquez, E., Martín-Toledano, M., López-Larramona, G., María Ruiz-Chicote, A., Nieto-Sandoval, B., & Lucendo, A. J. (2021). Clinical Medicine Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge. J. Clin. Med, 10, 2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132945
Milovančev, A., Petrović, M., Popadić, V., Miljković, T., Klašnja, S., Djuran, P., Ilić, A., Kovačević, M., Milosavljević, A. S., Brajković, M., Crnokrak, B., Memon, L., Milojević, A., Todorović, Z., Čanković, M., Šarkanović, M. L., Bjelić, S., Tadić, S., Redžek, A., & Zdravković, M. (2022). Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(7), 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM11071791
Nascimento, B. R., & Sable, C. (2022). Cardiac involvement in COVID-19: cause or consequence of severe manifestations? Heart, 108(1), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/HEARTJNL-2021-320246
Nguyen, J. L., Yang, W., Ito, K., Matte, T. D., Shaman, J., & Kinney, P. L. (2016). Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Cardiology, 1(3), 274. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2016.0433
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2021). Enfermedades cardiovasculares. https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Neubauer, S., & Lüscher, T. F. (2022). Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. 1157–1172.
Rinaldi, R., Basile, M., Salzillo, C., Grieco, D. L., Caffè, A., Masciocchi, C., Lilli, L., Damiani, A., la Vecchia, G., Iannaccone, G., Bonanni, A., de Pascale, G., Murri, R., Fantoni, M., Liuzzo, G., Sanna, T., Massetti, M., Gasbarrini, A., Valentini, V., & Montone, R. A. (2022). Myocardial Injury Portends a Higher Risk of Mortality and Long-Term Cardiovascular Sequelae after Hospital Discharge in COVID-19 Survivors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195964
Sahni, S., Gupta, G., Sarda, R., Pandey, S., Pandey, R. M., & Sinha, S. (2021). Impact of metabolic and cardiovascular disease on COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSX.2021.102308
Taher, F., Eysa, A., Fahmy, D., Shalaby, A., Mahmoud, A., El-Melegy, M., Abdel Razek, A. A. K., & El-Baz, A. (2022). COVID-19 and myocarditis: a brief review. Frontiers in Bioscience - Landmark, 27(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.31083/J.FBL2702073/2768-6698-27-2-073.PDF
Tobler, D. L., Pruzansky, A. J., Naderi, S., Ambrosy, A. P., & Slade, J. J. (2022). Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19: Emerging Data Relevant to the Cardiovascular Clinician. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 24(7), 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11883-022-01032-8/FIGURES/1
Umesh, A., Pranay, K., Pandey, R. C., & Gupta, M. K. (2022). Evidence mapping and review of long-COVID and its underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Infection, 50(5), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01835-6
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.1585
Weber, B., Siddiqi, H., Zhou, G., Vieira, J., Kim, A., Rutherford, H., Mitre, X., Feeley, M., Oganezova, K., Varshney, A. S., Bhatt, A. S., Nauffal, V., Atri, D. S., Blankstein, R., Karlson, E. W., Di Carli, M., Baden, L. R., Bhatt, D. L., & Woolley, A. E. (2022). Relationship Between Myocardial Injury During Index Hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Longer-Term Outcomes. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022010
Yuan, L., Zhu, H., Zhou, M., Ma, J., Chen, R., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Wu, K., Cai, M., Hong, J., Li, L., Liu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, T., Ge, S., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., & Xia, N. (2021). Gender associates with both susceptibility to infection