Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychological harm in domestically abused women: systematic review and meta-analysis
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Publicado:
Jul 5, 2022
Palabras clave:
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual, violencia doméstica, mujer, abuso, intervenciones
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La violencia doméstica vulnera la salud física y mental de la víctima y de su entorno familiar; habitualmente las mujeres son las más afectadas, por razones culturales y sociales la violencia ha sido normalizada dentro del contexto familiar. Los perjuicios, sobre todo el daño psicológico, es una de las consecuencias que perduran en el tiempo a menos que la víctima reciba una atención integral enfocada en sus principales necesidades. Objetivo. El objetivo fue valorar la evidencia empírica actual de la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual (TCC) para el tratamiento del daño psicológico en mujeres violentadas domésticamente por su pareja. Metodología. La revisión se realizó en la base de datos Scopus, PubMed y Web of Science, se utilizaron los lineamientos de la declaración Prisma y Consort para obtener la muestra final de los artículos seleccionados en base a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión propuestos. Resultados. La mayor parte de intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales se han centrado en el abordaje de la sintomatología del TEPT, depresión o ansiedad, logrando resultados favorables para este tipo de población. Conclusión. La TCC es eficaz para el tratamiento del daño psicológico en mujeres violentadas domésticamente por su pareja. Sin embargo, la ausencia de especificidad de las intervenciones constituye una limitante importante al momento de replicar en la práctica clínica.
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Guillermo Anasicha, J. A., Ramírez Coronel, A. A., & Martínez Suárez, P. C. (2022). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychological harm in domestically abused women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ciencia Digital, 6(3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v6i3.2167
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Andersson, G., Olsson, E., Ringsgård, E., Sandgren, T., Viklund, I., Andersson, C., Hesselman, Y., Johansson, R., Nordgren, L., & Bohman, B. (2021). Individually tailored Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for survivors of intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Internet Interventions, 26, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100453
Aupperle, R., Stillman, A., Simmons, A., Flagan, T., Allard, C., Thorp, S., Norman, S., Paulus, P., & Stein, M. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence PTSD and Neural Correlates of Inhibition. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts
Ayats, M., Cirici, R., & Soldevilla, J. (2008). Therapy groups for women victims of gender violence. Biological Psychiatry, 15(2), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1134-5934(08)71119-9
Beck, J. (2021). Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Basics and Beyond (Third edit). The Guilford Press.
Beeble, M., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C., & Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, Mediating, and Moderating Effects of Social Support on the Well-Being of Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Across 2 Years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016140
Chang, E., Kahle, E., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Understanding How Domestic Abuse Is Associated with Greater Depressive Symptoms in a Community Sample of Female Primary Care Patients: Does Loss of Belongingness Matter? Violence Against Women, 21(6), 700–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576580
Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2020). Group-based Compassion-focused Therapy on Experiential Avoidance, Meaning-in-life, and Sense of Coherence in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence with PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958660
David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(4), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004
Díaz, M., Ruiz, M., & Villalobos, A. (2017). Manual of cognitive behavioral techniques and therapies. Descleé de Brouwer.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H., Heise, L., Watts, C., García-Moreno, C., & Study, W. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. The Lancet, 371, 1165–1172.
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Prado-Abril, J., Sánchez-Reales, S., Molinari, G., Gómez, J., & Jeong, S. (2020). The Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice: Towards the Integration of Psychotherapy. Psychologist Papers, 41(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2932
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and no partner sexual violence. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf
Gonzales, J., & Molina, E. (2021). Increased vulnerability of women's rights during the pandemic: Ecuadorian and Peruvian scenario. SSIAS, 14(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.26495/rcs.v14i1.1652
Graham-Bermann, S., Howell, K., Miller-Graff, L., Galano, M., Lilly, M., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2019). The Moms’ Empowerment Program Addresses Traumatic Stress in Mothers with Preschool-Age Children Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 28(10), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1494652
Greene, M., Rees, S., Likindikoki, S., Bonz, A., Joscelyne, A., Kaysen, D., Nixon, R., Njau, T., Tankink, M., Tiwari, A., Ventevogel, P., Mbwambo, J., & Tol, W. (2019). Developing an integrated intervention to address intimate partner violence and psychological distress in Congolese refugee women in Tanzania. Conflict and Health, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0222-0
Gros, D., Morland, L., Greene, C., Acierno, R., Strachan, M., Egede, L., Tuerk, P., Myrick, H., & Frueh, B. (2013). Delivery of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy via Video Telehealth. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9363-4
Guano, L., & Costales, A. (2021). Deontological regulation of the professional practice of psychologists and psychotherapists in Ecuador. Profundidad Psicológica, 1, 1–15. http://www.ipto.es/recursos/articulos.php
Habigzang, L., Schneider, J., Frizzo, R., & Freitas, C. (2018). Evaluation of the Impact of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Women in Domestic Violence Situations in Brazil* Evaluación del impacto de una intervención cognitivo-conductual para mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica en Brasil. Universitas Psychologica, 17(3), 1–11.
Heise, L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Woman, 4(3), 262–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002
Hofmann, S., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I., Sawyer, A., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
Ibáñez-Tarín, C., & Manzanera-Escartí, R. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral techniques of easy application in primary care (I). Semergen, 38(6), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2011.07.019
Johnson, D., Zlotnick, C., Hoffman, L., Palmieri, P., Johnson, N., Holmes, S., & Ceroni, T. (2020). A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing HOPE Treatment and Present-Centered Therapy in Women Residing in Shelter with PTSD From Intimate Partner Violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(4), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320953120
Kantor, V., Knefel, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators of mental health service utilization in adult trauma survivors: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.001
Kofman, Y., & Garfin, D. (2020). Home is not always a haven: The domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 199-201. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000866
Kubany, E., Hill, E., Owens, J., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M., Tremayne, K., & Williams, P. (2004). Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women with PTSD (CTT-BW). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.3
Labrador, F., Rincón, P., de Luis, P., & Fernández-Velasco, R. (2017). Women victims of domestic violence. Ediciones Pirámide.
Lambert, M. (1986). Implications of psychotherapy outcome research for eclectic psychotherapy. In Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 436–462). Brunnel-Mazrl.
Latif, M., Husain, M., Gul, M., Naz, S., Irfan, M., Aslam, M., Awan, F., Sharif, A., Rathod, S., Farooq, S., Ayub, M., & Naeem, F. (2021). Culturally adapted trauma-focused CBT-based guided self-help (CatCBT GSH) for female victims of domestic violence in Pakistan: Feasibility randomized controlled trial. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 49(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465820000685
Mayor, S., & Salazar, C. (2019). Domestic violence. A current health problem. Gaceta Médica Espirituana, 21(1), 96–105.
Montero-Medina, D., Bolívar-Guayacundo, M., Aguirre-Encalada, L., & Moreno-Estupiñán, A. (2020). Domestic violence in the context of the health emergency by COVID-19. CienciAmérica, 9(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i2.316
Orang, T., Ayoughi, S., Moran, J., Ghaffari, H., Mostafavi, S., Rasoulian, M., & Elbert, T. (2018). The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in a sample of Iranian women exposed to ongoing intimate partner violence-A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(6), 827–841. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2318
Osma, J., Quilez-Orden, A., Ferreres-Galán, V., Meseguer, M., & Ariza, S. (2022). Feasibility and clinical usefulness of the Unified Protocol in women survivors of violence. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02226-z
Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M., Li, T., Loder, E., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 18(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1003583
PAHO. (2020). COVID-19 and violence against women, what the sector and the health system can do. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52034/OPSNMHMHCovid19200008_spa.pdf
Petersen, M., Zamora, J., Fermann, I., Crestani, P., & Habigzang, L. (2019). Cognitive behavioral therapy for women in domestic violence situation: Systematic review. Psicologia Clinica, 31(1), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.33208/PC1980-5438v0031n01A07
Rathod, S., Phiri, P., & Naeem, F. (2019). An evidence-based framework to culturally adapt cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive Behavior Therapist, 12(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000247
Resick, P., Galovski, T., Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C., Clum, G., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A Randomized Clinical Trial to Dismantle Components of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
Sáenz, J. (2019). Femicide and its relation to crimes of domestic violence and sexual harassment (1ra. ed.). Juridica PuJol, S.A.
Tullio, V., Lanzarone, A., Scalici, E., Vella, M., Argo, A., & Zerbo, S. (2021). Violence against women in heterosexual couples: A review of psychological and medico-legal considerations. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 61(1 S), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802420936081
Valenzuela, K., Venegas, F., Sandoval, V., & Soto, C. (2021). Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: the South American scenario. Cuadernos Médico Sociales, 61(1), 19–32.
Vieira, P., Garcia, L., & Maciel, E. (2020). The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: What does it reveals? Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 23, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033
WHO. (2021). Violence against women is pervasive and devastating: one in three women suffer it. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/09-03-2021-devastatingly-pervasive-1-in-3-women-globally-experience-violence
Aupperle, R., Stillman, A., Simmons, A., Flagan, T., Allard, C., Thorp, S., Norman, S., Paulus, P., & Stein, M. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence PTSD and Neural Correlates of Inhibition. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts
Ayats, M., Cirici, R., & Soldevilla, J. (2008). Therapy groups for women victims of gender violence. Biological Psychiatry, 15(2), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1134-5934(08)71119-9
Beck, J. (2021). Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Basics and Beyond (Third edit). The Guilford Press.
Beeble, M., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C., & Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, Mediating, and Moderating Effects of Social Support on the Well-Being of Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Across 2 Years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016140
Chang, E., Kahle, E., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Understanding How Domestic Abuse Is Associated with Greater Depressive Symptoms in a Community Sample of Female Primary Care Patients: Does Loss of Belongingness Matter? Violence Against Women, 21(6), 700–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576580
Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2020). Group-based Compassion-focused Therapy on Experiential Avoidance, Meaning-in-life, and Sense of Coherence in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence with PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520958660
David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(4), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004
Díaz, M., Ruiz, M., & Villalobos, A. (2017). Manual of cognitive behavioral techniques and therapies. Descleé de Brouwer.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H., Heise, L., Watts, C., García-Moreno, C., & Study, W. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. The Lancet, 371, 1165–1172.
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Prado-Abril, J., Sánchez-Reales, S., Molinari, G., Gómez, J., & Jeong, S. (2020). The Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice: Towards the Integration of Psychotherapy. Psychologist Papers, 41(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2932
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and no partner sexual violence. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf
Gonzales, J., & Molina, E. (2021). Increased vulnerability of women's rights during the pandemic: Ecuadorian and Peruvian scenario. SSIAS, 14(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.26495/rcs.v14i1.1652
Graham-Bermann, S., Howell, K., Miller-Graff, L., Galano, M., Lilly, M., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2019). The Moms’ Empowerment Program Addresses Traumatic Stress in Mothers with Preschool-Age Children Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 28(10), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1494652
Greene, M., Rees, S., Likindikoki, S., Bonz, A., Joscelyne, A., Kaysen, D., Nixon, R., Njau, T., Tankink, M., Tiwari, A., Ventevogel, P., Mbwambo, J., & Tol, W. (2019). Developing an integrated intervention to address intimate partner violence and psychological distress in Congolese refugee women in Tanzania. Conflict and Health, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0222-0
Gros, D., Morland, L., Greene, C., Acierno, R., Strachan, M., Egede, L., Tuerk, P., Myrick, H., & Frueh, B. (2013). Delivery of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy via Video Telehealth. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9363-4
Guano, L., & Costales, A. (2021). Deontological regulation of the professional practice of psychologists and psychotherapists in Ecuador. Profundidad Psicológica, 1, 1–15. http://www.ipto.es/recursos/articulos.php
Habigzang, L., Schneider, J., Frizzo, R., & Freitas, C. (2018). Evaluation of the Impact of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Women in Domestic Violence Situations in Brazil* Evaluación del impacto de una intervención cognitivo-conductual para mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica en Brasil. Universitas Psychologica, 17(3), 1–11.
Heise, L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Woman, 4(3), 262–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002
Hofmann, S., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I., Sawyer, A., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
Ibáñez-Tarín, C., & Manzanera-Escartí, R. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral techniques of easy application in primary care (I). Semergen, 38(6), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2011.07.019
Johnson, D., Zlotnick, C., Hoffman, L., Palmieri, P., Johnson, N., Holmes, S., & Ceroni, T. (2020). A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing HOPE Treatment and Present-Centered Therapy in Women Residing in Shelter with PTSD From Intimate Partner Violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(4), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320953120
Kantor, V., Knefel, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators of mental health service utilization in adult trauma survivors: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.001
Kofman, Y., & Garfin, D. (2020). Home is not always a haven: The domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 199-201. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000866
Kubany, E., Hill, E., Owens, J., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M., Tremayne, K., & Williams, P. (2004). Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women with PTSD (CTT-BW). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.3
Labrador, F., Rincón, P., de Luis, P., & Fernández-Velasco, R. (2017). Women victims of domestic violence. Ediciones Pirámide.
Lambert, M. (1986). Implications of psychotherapy outcome research for eclectic psychotherapy. In Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 436–462). Brunnel-Mazrl.
Latif, M., Husain, M., Gul, M., Naz, S., Irfan, M., Aslam, M., Awan, F., Sharif, A., Rathod, S., Farooq, S., Ayub, M., & Naeem, F. (2021). Culturally adapted trauma-focused CBT-based guided self-help (CatCBT GSH) for female victims of domestic violence in Pakistan: Feasibility randomized controlled trial. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 49(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465820000685
Mayor, S., & Salazar, C. (2019). Domestic violence. A current health problem. Gaceta Médica Espirituana, 21(1), 96–105.
Montero-Medina, D., Bolívar-Guayacundo, M., Aguirre-Encalada, L., & Moreno-Estupiñán, A. (2020). Domestic violence in the context of the health emergency by COVID-19. CienciAmérica, 9(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.33210/ca.v9i2.316
Orang, T., Ayoughi, S., Moran, J., Ghaffari, H., Mostafavi, S., Rasoulian, M., & Elbert, T. (2018). The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in a sample of Iranian women exposed to ongoing intimate partner violence-A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(6), 827–841. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2318
Osma, J., Quilez-Orden, A., Ferreres-Galán, V., Meseguer, M., & Ariza, S. (2022). Feasibility and clinical usefulness of the Unified Protocol in women survivors of violence. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02226-z
Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M., Li, T., Loder, E., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 18(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1003583
PAHO. (2020). COVID-19 and violence against women, what the sector and the health system can do. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52034/OPSNMHMHCovid19200008_spa.pdf
Petersen, M., Zamora, J., Fermann, I., Crestani, P., & Habigzang, L. (2019). Cognitive behavioral therapy for women in domestic violence situation: Systematic review. Psicologia Clinica, 31(1), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.33208/PC1980-5438v0031n01A07
Rathod, S., Phiri, P., & Naeem, F. (2019). An evidence-based framework to culturally adapt cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive Behavior Therapist, 12(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000247
Resick, P., Galovski, T., Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C., Clum, G., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A Randomized Clinical Trial to Dismantle Components of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Interpersonal Violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
Sáenz, J. (2019). Femicide and its relation to crimes of domestic violence and sexual harassment (1ra. ed.). Juridica PuJol, S.A.
Tullio, V., Lanzarone, A., Scalici, E., Vella, M., Argo, A., & Zerbo, S. (2021). Violence against women in heterosexual couples: A review of psychological and medico-legal considerations. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 61(1 S), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802420936081
Valenzuela, K., Venegas, F., Sandoval, V., & Soto, C. (2021). Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: the South American scenario. Cuadernos Médico Sociales, 61(1), 19–32.
Vieira, P., Garcia, L., & Maciel, E. (2020). The increase in domestic violence during the social isolation: What does it reveals? Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 23, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033
WHO. (2021). Violence against women is pervasive and devastating: one in three women suffer it. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/09-03-2021-devastatingly-pervasive-1-in-3-women-globally-experience-violence