Incidencia de la actividad minera en el desarrollo local sostenible: el caso del Cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez
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Publicado:
Feb 5, 2021
Palabras clave:
Minería, impacto social, empleo, salud, derechos humanos
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Introducción, Los impactos de la minería se evalúan con diferentes conjuntos de indicadores y metas a nivel global. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la literatura asociada a la actividad minera a partir de la que se ha elaborado una encuesta que se aplicó a los actores del sector minero del Cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez. Objetivo es analizar el desarrollo local sostenible y la incidencia de la actividad minera, Identificando las relaciones esenciales entre la actividad minera y las variables económicas, sociales, territoriales y ambientales en el caso del cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez. Metodología. Cabe señalar que este estudio presenta un enfoque mixto, ya que emplea más de un método para su ejecución, así pues, éste fue un estudio transversal lo que permitió Identificar las relaciones esenciales entre la actividad minera y las diferentes variables Resultados. Después de realizar un análisis a todo la población del canto camilo Ponce Enríquez se involucró a un escenario de 72 personas cuyos ingresos dependen directa o indirectamente de la minería tratando los temas Economía, seguridad Empleo, Educación, Uso del suelo, aspectos territoriales, Demografía, Medio Ambiente, Derechos humanos. Conclusión, debe cambiar su enfoque y orientarse principalmente al bienestar de los ciudadanos de la zona, deben promover una economía de “retorno circular” y con enfoque solidario. Diferenciándolos de los suelos que se utilizarán como espacios verdes, para producción agrícola, recreativos, y de las zonas aptas para habitar.
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Matute Saquicela, G. E., Covri Rivera, D., & Castillo Ortega, Y. (2021). Incidencia de la actividad minera en el desarrollo local sostenible: el caso del Cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez. ConcienciaDigital, 4(1.1), 213-240. https://doi.org/10.33262/concienciadigital.v4i1.1.1555
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Bhat, S., Tripathi, A., & Kumar, A. (2010). Supermacroprous chitosan-agarose-gelatin cryogels. in vitro characterization and in vivo assesment for cartilage tissue engineering. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 1-15.
Bossis, G., Marins, J., Kuzhir, P., Volkova, O., & Zubarev, A. (2015). Functionalized microfibers for field-responsive materials and biological applications. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1-9.
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García-Cerda, L., Rodríguez-Fernández, O., Betancourt-Galindo, R., Saldívar-Guerrero, R., & Torres-Torres, M. (2003). Síntesis y propiedades de ferrofluidos de magnetita. Superficies y Vacío., 16(1), 28-31.
Ilg, P. (2013). Stimuli-responsive hydrogels cross-linked by magnetic nanoparticles. Soft Matter, 9, 3465-3468.
Lewitus, D., Branch, J., Smith, K., Callegari, G., Kohn, J., & Neimark, A. (2011). Biohybrid carbon nanotube/agarose fibers for neural tissue engineering. Advanced Functional Materials, 21, 2624-2632.
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Ejdemo, T., & Söderholm, P. (2011). Mining investment and regional development: A scenario-based assessment for Northern Sweden. Resources Policy, 36(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.08.008
Esteves, A. M. (2008). Mining and social development: Refocusing community investment using multi-criteria decision analysis. Resources Policy, 33(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.01.002
Fleming, D. A., & Measham, T. G. (2015). Income Inequality across Australian Regions during the Mining Boom: 2001–11. Australian Geographer, 46(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2015.1020596
Franks, D. (2012). Social impact assessment of resource projects. International Mining for Development Centre, 16.
Freudenburg, W. R., & Wilson, L. J. (2002). Mining the Data: Analyzing the Economic Implications of Mining for Nonmetropolitan Regions. Sociological Inquiry, 72(4), 549–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00034
Holden, W. (2005). Indigenous peoples and non-ferrous metals mining in the Philippines: The Pacific Review: Vol 18, No 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512740500189199
Ivanova, D. G., & Rolfe, D. J. (2011). Using input-output analysis to estimate the impact of a coal industry expansion on regional and local economies. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 29(4), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.3152/146155111X12959673795840
Kavouridis, K. (2008). Lignite industry in Greece within a world context: Mining, energy supply and environment. Energy Policy, 36(4), 1257–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.017
Kitula, A. G. N. (2006). The environmental and socio-economic impacts of mining on local livelihoods in Tanzania: A case study of Geita District. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(3), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.01.012
Kotey, B., & Rolfe, J. (2014). Demographic and economic impact of mining on remote communities in Australia. Resources Policy, 42, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.10.005
Kumah, A. (2006). Sustainability and gold mining in the developing world. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(3–4), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.08.007
Langton, M., & Mazel, O. (2008). Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: Aboriginal People, the ‘Resource Curse’ and Australia’s Mining Boom. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 26(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2008.11435177
Lockie, S., Franettovich, M., Petkova-Timmer, V., Rolfe, J., & Ivanova, G. (2009). Coal mining and the resource community cycle: A longitudinal assessment of the social impacts of the Coppabella coal mine. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29(5), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.008
McIntyre, N., Bulovic, N., Cane, I., & McKenna, P. (2016). A multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the impacts of mines on traditional uses of water in Northern Mongolia. Science of The Total Environment, 557–558, 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.092
Mensah, S. O., & Okyere, S. A. (2014). Mining, Environment and Community Conflicts: A Study of Company-Community Conflicts over Gold Mining in the Obuasi Municipality of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5(1), Article 1. https://infinitypress.info/index.php/jsds/article/view/537
Owen, J. R., & Kemp, D. (2015). Mining-induced displacement and resettlement: A critical appraisal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.087
Oyarzún, J., & Oyarzún, R. (2011). Sustainable development threats, inter-sector conflicts and environmental policy requirements in the arid, mining rich, northern Chile territory. Sustainable Development, 19(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.441
Patrick, R., & Bharadwaj, L. (2016). Mining and campesino engagement: An opportunity for integrated water resources management in Ancash, Peru. Water International, 41(3), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1160311
Petkova-Timmer, V., Lockie, S., Rolfe, J., & Ivanova, G. (2009). Mining Developments and Social Impacts on Communities: Bowen Basin Case Studies: Rural Society: Vol 19, No 3. Rural Society, 19(3), 211–228.
Petrova, S., & Marinova, D. (2013). Social impacts of mining: Changes within the local social landscape. Rural Society, 22(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.5172/rsj.2013.22.2.153
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Sampieri, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación (Sexta). McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Schueler, V., Kuemmerle, T., & Schröder, H. (2011). Impacts of Surface Gold Mining on Land Use Systems in Western Ghana. AMBIO, 40(5), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0141-9
Shandro, J. A., Veiga, M. M., Shoveller, J., Scoble, M., & Koehoorn, M. (2011). Perspectives on community health issues and the mining boom–bust cycle. Resources Policy, 36(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.01.004
Solomon, F., Katz, E., & Lovel, R. (2008). Social dimensions of mining: Research, policy and practice challenges for the minerals industry in Australia. Resources Policy, 33(3), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.01.005
Ticci, E., & Escobal, J. (2015). Extractive industries and local development in the Peruvian Highlands. Environment and Development Economics, 20(1), 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X13000685
Toapanta, A. R. R. (2017). Política minera y sostenibilidad ambiental en Ecuador. FIGEMPA: Investigación y Desarrollo, 1(2), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.29166/revfig.v1i2.68
Tonts, M., Plummer, P., & Lawrie, M. (2012). Socio-economic wellbeing in Australian mining towns: A comparative analysis. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.10.006
Twerefou, D. K. (2009). Mineral Exploitation, Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development in EAC, SADC, and ECOWAS Regions. African Trade Policy Centre, Economic Commission for Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260929736_Mineral_exploitation_environmental_sustainability_and_sustainable_development_in_EAC_SADC_and_ECOWAS_Regions
Weldegiorgis, F. S., & Ali, S. H. (2016). Mineral resources and localised development: Q-methodology for rapid assessment of socioeconomic impacts in Rwanda. Resources Policy, 49, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.03.006
Wilson, L. J. (2004). Riding the Resource Roller Coaster: Understanding Socioeconomic Differences between Mining Communities*. Rural Sociology, 69(2), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1526/003601104323087606
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Bhat, S., Tripathi, A., & Kumar, A. (2010). Supermacroprous chitosan-agarose-gelatin cryogels. in vitro characterization and in vivo assesment for cartilage tissue engineering. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 1-15.
Bossis, G., Marins, J., Kuzhir, P., Volkova, O., & Zubarev, A. (2015). Functionalized microfibers for field-responsive materials and biological applications. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1-9.
Cortés, J., Puig, J., Morales , J., & Mendizábal, E. (2011). Hidrogeles nanoestructurados termosensibles sintetizados mediante polimerización en microemulsión inversa. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química., 10(3), 513-520.
Dias, A., Hussain, A., Marcos, A., & Roque, A. (2011). A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides. Biotechnology Advances 29 , 29, 142–155.
Estrada Guerrero, R., Lemus Torres, D., Mendoza Anaya, D., & Rodriguez Lugo, V. (2010). Hidrogeles poliméricos potencialmente aplicables en Agricultura. Revista Iberoamericana de Polímeros, 12(2), 76-87.
García-Cerda, L., Rodríguez-Fernández, O., Betancourt-Galindo, R., Saldívar-Guerrero, R., & Torres-Torres, M. (2003). Síntesis y propiedades de ferrofluidos de magnetita. Superficies y Vacío., 16(1), 28-31.
Ilg, P. (2013). Stimuli-responsive hydrogels cross-linked by magnetic nanoparticles. Soft Matter, 9, 3465-3468.
Lewitus, D., Branch, J., Smith, K., Callegari, G., Kohn, J., & Neimark, A. (2011). Biohybrid carbon nanotube/agarose fibers for neural tissue engineering. Advanced Functional Materials, 21, 2624-2632.
Lin, Y.-S., Huang, K.-S., Yang, C.-H., Wang, C.-Y., Yang, Y.-S., Hsu, H.-C., . . . Tsai, C.-W. (2012). Microfluidic synthesis of microfibers for magnetic-responsive controlled drug release and cell culture. PLoS ONE, 7(3), 1-8.
Ruiz Estrada, G. (2004). Desarrollo de un Sistema de liberación de fármacos basado en nanopartículas magnéticas recubiertas con Polietilénglicol para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Departamento de Física Aplicada.
Song , J., King, S., Yoon , S., Cho, D., & Jeong, Y. (2014). Enhanced spinnability of narbon nanotube fibers by surfactant addition. Fiberes and Polymers, 15(4), 762-766.
Tartaj, P., Morales, M., González-Carreño, T., Veintemillas-Verdaguer, S., & Serna, C. (2005). Advances in magnetic nanoparticles for biotechnology applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 290, 28-34.
Wulff-Pérez , M., Martín-Rodriguez, A., Gálvez-Ruiz, M., & de Vicente, J. ( 2013 ). The effect of polymer surfactant on the rheological properties of nanoemulsions. Colloid and Polymer Science, 291, 709–716.
Zamora Mora, V., Soares, P., Echeverria, C., Hernández , R., & Mijangos, C. (2015). Composite chitosan/Agarose ferrogels for potential applications in magnetic hyperethermia. Gels., 1, 69-80.
Abuya, W. O. (2016). Mining conflicts and Corporate Social Responsibility: Titanium mining in Kwale, Kenya. The Extractive Industries and Society, 3(2), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.12.008
Aragón, F. M., & Rud, J. P. (2013). Natural Resources and Local Communities: Evidence from a Peruvian Gold Mine. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5(2), 1–25.
Aroca, P. (2001). Impacts and development in local economies based on mining: The case of the Chilean II region. Resources Policy, 27(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4207(01)00013-7
Damigos, D., & Kaliampakos, D. (2006). The “battle of gold” under the light of green economics: A case study from Greece. Environmental Geology, 50(2), 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0201-9
Dewulf, J., Blengini, G. A., Pennington, D., Nuss, P., & Nassar, N. T. (2016). Criticality on the international scene: Quo vadis? Resources Policy, 50, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.09.008
Diario el Universo. (2020, septiembre 21). Trabajadores mineros de Camilo Ponce Enríquez reclaman por fallo judicial que dispone devolución de concesionarias incautadas. El Universo. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2020/09/21/nota/7986160/trabajadores-mineros-camilo-ponce-enriquez-reclaman-fallo-judicial
Ejdemo, T., & Söderholm, P. (2011). Mining investment and regional development: A scenario-based assessment for Northern Sweden. Resources Policy, 36(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.08.008
Esteves, A. M. (2008). Mining and social development: Refocusing community investment using multi-criteria decision analysis. Resources Policy, 33(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.01.002
Fleming, D. A., & Measham, T. G. (2015). Income Inequality across Australian Regions during the Mining Boom: 2001–11. Australian Geographer, 46(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2015.1020596
Franks, D. (2012). Social impact assessment of resource projects. International Mining for Development Centre, 16.
Freudenburg, W. R., & Wilson, L. J. (2002). Mining the Data: Analyzing the Economic Implications of Mining for Nonmetropolitan Regions. Sociological Inquiry, 72(4), 549–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00034
Holden, W. (2005). Indigenous peoples and non-ferrous metals mining in the Philippines: The Pacific Review: Vol 18, No 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512740500189199
Ivanova, D. G., & Rolfe, D. J. (2011). Using input-output analysis to estimate the impact of a coal industry expansion on regional and local economies. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 29(4), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.3152/146155111X12959673795840
Kavouridis, K. (2008). Lignite industry in Greece within a world context: Mining, energy supply and environment. Energy Policy, 36(4), 1257–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.017
Kitula, A. G. N. (2006). The environmental and socio-economic impacts of mining on local livelihoods in Tanzania: A case study of Geita District. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(3), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.01.012
Kotey, B., & Rolfe, J. (2014). Demographic and economic impact of mining on remote communities in Australia. Resources Policy, 42, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.10.005
Kumah, A. (2006). Sustainability and gold mining in the developing world. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(3–4), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.08.007
Langton, M., & Mazel, O. (2008). Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: Aboriginal People, the ‘Resource Curse’ and Australia’s Mining Boom. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 26(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2008.11435177
Lockie, S., Franettovich, M., Petkova-Timmer, V., Rolfe, J., & Ivanova, G. (2009). Coal mining and the resource community cycle: A longitudinal assessment of the social impacts of the Coppabella coal mine. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29(5), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.008
McIntyre, N., Bulovic, N., Cane, I., & McKenna, P. (2016). A multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the impacts of mines on traditional uses of water in Northern Mongolia. Science of The Total Environment, 557–558, 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.092
Mensah, S. O., & Okyere, S. A. (2014). Mining, Environment and Community Conflicts: A Study of Company-Community Conflicts over Gold Mining in the Obuasi Municipality of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5(1), Article 1. https://infinitypress.info/index.php/jsds/article/view/537
Owen, J. R., & Kemp, D. (2015). Mining-induced displacement and resettlement: A critical appraisal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.087
Oyarzún, J., & Oyarzún, R. (2011). Sustainable development threats, inter-sector conflicts and environmental policy requirements in the arid, mining rich, northern Chile territory. Sustainable Development, 19(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.441
Patrick, R., & Bharadwaj, L. (2016). Mining and campesino engagement: An opportunity for integrated water resources management in Ancash, Peru. Water International, 41(3), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1160311
Petkova-Timmer, V., Lockie, S., Rolfe, J., & Ivanova, G. (2009). Mining Developments and Social Impacts on Communities: Bowen Basin Case Studies: Rural Society: Vol 19, No 3. Rural Society, 19(3), 211–228.
Petrova, S., & Marinova, D. (2013). Social impacts of mining: Changes within the local social landscape. Rural Society, 22(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.5172/rsj.2013.22.2.153
Ríos, R. V. (2018). Minería en América Latina y el Caribe, un enfoque socioambiental. Revista UDCA Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 21(2), 617–631.
Rosa, W. (Ed.). (2017). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. En A New Era in Global Health. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02
Saade Hazin, M. (2013). Desarrollo minero y conflictos socioambientales: Los casos de Colombia, México y el Perú. https://repositorio.cepal.org//handle/11362/5369
Sampieri, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación (Sexta). McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Schueler, V., Kuemmerle, T., & Schröder, H. (2011). Impacts of Surface Gold Mining on Land Use Systems in Western Ghana. AMBIO, 40(5), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0141-9
Shandro, J. A., Veiga, M. M., Shoveller, J., Scoble, M., & Koehoorn, M. (2011). Perspectives on community health issues and the mining boom–bust cycle. Resources Policy, 36(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.01.004
Solomon, F., Katz, E., & Lovel, R. (2008). Social dimensions of mining: Research, policy and practice challenges for the minerals industry in Australia. Resources Policy, 33(3), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.01.005
Ticci, E., & Escobal, J. (2015). Extractive industries and local development in the Peruvian Highlands. Environment and Development Economics, 20(1), 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X13000685
Toapanta, A. R. R. (2017). Política minera y sostenibilidad ambiental en Ecuador. FIGEMPA: Investigación y Desarrollo, 1(2), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.29166/revfig.v1i2.68
Tonts, M., Plummer, P., & Lawrie, M. (2012). Socio-economic wellbeing in Australian mining towns: A comparative analysis. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.10.006
Twerefou, D. K. (2009). Mineral Exploitation, Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development in EAC, SADC, and ECOWAS Regions. African Trade Policy Centre, Economic Commission for Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260929736_Mineral_exploitation_environmental_sustainability_and_sustainable_development_in_EAC_SADC_and_ECOWAS_Regions
Weldegiorgis, F. S., & Ali, S. H. (2016). Mineral resources and localised development: Q-methodology for rapid assessment of socioeconomic impacts in Rwanda. Resources Policy, 49, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.03.006
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