Chronic cardiovascular sequelae Post-SARS-CoV-2
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Published:
Apr 5, 2023
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, cardiovascular disease, chronic complications, post-covid syndrome, viral infection.
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Abstract
Introduction. SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a public health problem worldwide, even several years after its appearance, the development of chronic pathologies shows a series of complications at systemic level, with main affectation at cardiovascular level in a chronic way, this has led to the investigation of the pathophysiology and the consequences that may occur in the presence of this pathology. Objective. To determine the impact of chronic cardiovascular sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology. A systematic and critical search of scientific journal articles was conducted, analyzing the publications on cardiovascular complications caused by SARS-CoV-2. For the bibliographic review, 126 citations were analyzed and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in fifty-four articles selected for the present review. Results. SARS-CoV-2 infection chronically affects the cardiovascular system through immune system activity, cytokine activation, endothelial and myocardial damage, causing structural and functional modifications; the pathologies most frequently mentioned in the studies analyzed are heart failure and arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, vascular ischemia, postural paroxysmal tachycardia, and high blood pressure. Conclusion. Chronic cardiovascular sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 infection have a significant impact on the population due to the increase in short- and long-term morbidity and mortality rates, as well as a decrease in the quality of life in apparently healthy patients and in those with pre-existing comorbidities.
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Sailema Sailema, E. E., & Cruz Castillo , Y. M. (2023). Chronic cardiovascular sequelae Post-SARS-CoV-2. Ciencia Digital, 7(2), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v7i2.2523
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American Heart Association. (2020, May). Coronavirus precautions for patients and others facing higher risks. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus/coronavirus-covid-19-resources/coronavirus-precautions-for-patients-and-others-facing-higher-risks
Ammirati, E., Lupi, L., Palazzini, M., Hendren, N. S., Grodin, J. L., Cannistraci, C. v, Schmidt, M., Hekimian, G., Peretto, G., Bochaton, T., Hayek, A., Piriou, N., Leonardi, S., Guida, S., Turco, A., Sala, S., Uribarri, A., Vourc, M., Cannatà, A., & Kerneis, M. (2022). COVID-19 – Associated Acute Myocarditis. 1123–1139. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056817
Arévalos, V., Ortega, L., Rodríguez, J. J., López, M. C., Castrillo-Golvano, L., Salazar-Rodríguez, A., Sabaté-Tormos, M., Spione, F., Sabaté, M., & Brugaletta, S. (2021). Acute and Chronic Effects of COVID-19 on the Cardiovascular System. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 2021, Vol. 8, Page 128, 8(10), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCDD8100128
Chadda, K. R., Blakey, E. E., Huang, C. L. H., & Jeevaratnam, K. (2022). Long COVID-19 and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome is Dysautonomia to Be Blamed? Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.860198
Fan, B. E., & Cheung, C. (2022). Post COVID-19 Arterial Thromboembolism: A Clear and Present Danger. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 48(1), 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1728717
Farshidfar, F., Koleini, N., & Ardehali, H. (2021). Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. JCI Insight, 6(13). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI.INSIGHT.148980
Fernández, E., & Silva, C. (2022). Revisión bibliográfica: tormenta de citoquinas producida por COVID-19. Investigación y Desarrollo, 12(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.31243/id.v12.2020.987
Fernández, E., & Zavala, A. (2023). Efectos del aislamiento social en el estado cognitivo de personas mayores de 65 años durante la pandemia SARS-Cov2, estudio comparativo longitudinal. 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2023.01.2592
Gyöngyösi, M., Alcaide, P., Asselbergs, F. W., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Camici, G. G., Steffens, S., Tschöpe, C., Linthout, S. van, & Davidson, S. M. (2022). Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Cardiovascular Research, 9, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115
Han, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, L., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Hurtado, R., Lacko, L. A., Sun, X., Gade, A. R., Higgins, C. A., Sisso, W. J., Dong, X., Wang, M., Chen, Z., Ho, D. D., Pitt, G. S., Schwartz, R. E., Tenoever, B. R., Evans, T., & Chen, S. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induces Ferroptosis of Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Cells. Circulation Research, 130(7), 963–977. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.320518
Iqbal, F. M., Lam, K., Sounderajah, V., Clarke, J. M., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2021). Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 36, 100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2021.100899
Ishihara, T., Iida, O., Takahara, M., Tsujimura, T., Higashino, N., Hata, Y., Toyoshima, T., Nakao, S., & Mano, T. (2022). Clinical course of patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia developing COVID-19. Journal of Cardiology, 80(6), 545–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JJCC.2022.07.010
Keihanian, F., & Bigdelu, L. (2020). Cardiovascular considerations in COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 16, 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S264377
Lasica, R., Djukanovic, L., Mrdovic, I., Savic, L., Ristic, A., Zdravkovic, M., Simic, D., Krljanac, G., Popovic, D., Simeunovic, D., Rajic, D., & Asanin, M. (2022). Clinical Medicine Acute Coronary Syndrome in the COVID-19 Era-Differences and Dilemmas Compared to the Pre-COVID-19 Era. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113024
Lin, S., Kantor, R., & Clark, E. (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 37(4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.05.001
Maestre, M. M., Arias, Á., Mata-Vázquez, E., Martín-Toledano, M., López-Larramona, G., María Ruiz-Chicote, A., Nieto-Sandoval, B., & Lucendo, A. J. (2021). Clinical Medicine Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge. J. Clin. Med, 10, 2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132945
Milovančev, A., Petrović, M., Popadić, V., Miljković, T., Klašnja, S., Djuran, P., Ilić, A., Kovačević, M., Milosavljević, A. S., Brajković, M., Crnokrak, B., Memon, L., Milojević, A., Todorović, Z., Čanković, M., Šarkanović, M. L., Bjelić, S., Tadić, S., Redžek, A., & Zdravković, M. (2022). Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(7), 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM11071791
Nascimento, B. R., & Sable, C. (2022). Cardiac involvement in COVID-19: cause or consequence of severe manifestations? Heart, 108(1), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/HEARTJNL-2021-320246
Nguyen, J. L., Yang, W., Ito, K., Matte, T. D., Shaman, J., & Kinney, P. L. (2016). Seasonal Influenza Infections and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Cardiology, 1(3), 274. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2016.0433
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2021). Enfermedades cardiovasculares. https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Neubauer, S., & Lüscher, T. F. (2022). Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. 1157–1172.
Rinaldi, R., Basile, M., Salzillo, C., Grieco, D. L., Caffè, A., Masciocchi, C., Lilli, L., Damiani, A., la Vecchia, G., Iannaccone, G., Bonanni, A., de Pascale, G., Murri, R., Fantoni, M., Liuzzo, G., Sanna, T., Massetti, M., Gasbarrini, A., Valentini, V., & Montone, R. A. (2022). Myocardial Injury Portends a Higher Risk of Mortality and Long-Term Cardiovascular Sequelae after Hospital Discharge in COVID-19 Survivors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195964
Sahni, S., Gupta, G., Sarda, R., Pandey, S., Pandey, R. M., & Sinha, S. (2021). Impact of metabolic and cardiovascular disease on COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSX.2021.102308
Taher, F., Eysa, A., Fahmy, D., Shalaby, A., Mahmoud, A., El-Melegy, M., Abdel Razek, A. A. K., & El-Baz, A. (2022). COVID-19 and myocarditis: a brief review. Frontiers in Bioscience - Landmark, 27(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.31083/J.FBL2702073/2768-6698-27-2-073.PDF
Tobler, D. L., Pruzansky, A. J., Naderi, S., Ambrosy, A. P., & Slade, J. J. (2022). Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19: Emerging Data Relevant to the Cardiovascular Clinician. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 24(7), 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11883-022-01032-8/FIGURES/1
Umesh, A., Pranay, K., Pandey, R. C., & Gupta, M. K. (2022). Evidence mapping and review of long-COVID and its underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Infection, 50(5), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01835-6
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.1585
Weber, B., Siddiqi, H., Zhou, G., Vieira, J., Kim, A., Rutherford, H., Mitre, X., Feeley, M., Oganezova, K., Varshney, A. S., Bhatt, A. S., Nauffal, V., Atri, D. S., Blankstein, R., Karlson, E. W., Di Carli, M., Baden, L. R., Bhatt, D. L., & Woolley, A. E. (2022). Relationship Between Myocardial Injury During Index Hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Longer-Term Outcomes. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022010
Yuan, L., Zhu, H., Zhou, M., Ma, J., Chen, R., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Wu, K., Cai, M., Hong, J., Li, L., Liu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, T., Ge, S., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., & Xia, N. (2021). Gender associates with both susceptibility to infection