Introduction. The coronavirus pandemic has caused a lot of damage not only to the people it affects but also to the health professionals who care for them. The activities carried out by the Nursing Assistants (ADE) have exposure to static charges that can cause affections to the osteo myoarticular system. Objective. The manipulation activity of patients in established positions complying with Covi-19 medical care procedures in the Intensive Care Units (ICU) of the Hospital Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL) was ergonomically studied, using the BIO-mec computer program. Methodology. It began with the observational identification of: a) activities, b) tasks, c) times and movements that the ADE executes when handling the patient in the supine and prone position due to improved ventilation and evacuation of pulmonary fluids, in ICUs Hospital UTPL that can cause excess of the worker's body limits in the osteo myoarticular system. Then, a calculation was made of the percentage of the maximum load, overload, bearable risk achieved in each joint established by the BIO-mec method before and after the implementation of a hospital bed adjustable to the vertical height of the nursing assistant. Results. The improvements of the position show a negative effect on the maximum admissible loads of the elbow, shoulder, torso, hip, knee and ankle, improving the posture angles of: 130 ° for knee, 94 ° hip, 50 ° for L5 / S1, 40 ° for shoulder, 130 ° for elbow and 90 ° wrist for men, improving the 6 postural load elements. For women, the implementation improved the posture angles of: 130 ° for knee, 94 ° hip, 50 ° for L5 / S1, 40 ° for shoulder, 130 ° for elbow and 90 ° wrist, improving all 4 of the 6 load elements. postural. Conclusion. The use of a vertical height adjustable patient bed improves the posture of the nursing assistant, reducing 66.66% of the ergonomic affectation for women and 100% for men.

Introduction. The pandemic forces jobs to increase the number of hours when using new computer technologies, this causes repetitive movements and problems related to tenosynovitis in workers who carry out these activities. Objective. Implement an ergonomic prevention plan to reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and Quervain's tenosynovitis in the statistics area of ​​the Puyo General Hospital. Methods. For the diagnosis of musculoskeletal discomfort, the Nordic questionnaire was used, then an analysis was carried out prior to the execution of an ergonomic prevention program and subsequent evaluation with the OCRA Check List Method to determine the effectiveness of the measures. Results. From the application of the Nordic Questionnaire, it was observed that 65% of the workers presented musculoskeletal discomfort and 85% of the causes indicated that they were due to repetitive movements of the hand and wrist with an age range of 35 - 45 years. After applying the ergonomic prevention plan that considered the following activities: a) active pauses, b) correct location of computer peripherals, c) cell phone suspension in the recovery period, an 80% reduction in the Index score was achieved. OCRA with values ​​of 5.25 for the right side and an acceptable risk, in addition a value of 4.87 and an optimal ergonomic risk for the left side. Conclusion: When executing an ergonomic prevention plan, the level of ergonomic risk was lowered by 80% with the application of active breaks, reduction of the time of use and improvement in the use of electronic peripherals and restricting the mobile phone during the recovery time.

Introducción. El levantamiento manual y traslado de cargas que son iguales o superiores a los 25 kg   son considerados de alto riesgo ergonómico para causar trastornos musculo-esqueléticos en cualquier actividad donde no se comparte la carga o se tiene una ayuda mecánica. Objetivo. Esta investigación aplica el uso de una caretilla de acero como ayuda mecánica para atenuar los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos en los trabajadores de la empresa Ecovasti S.A. que levantan y trasladan las jabas de bebidas alcohólicas en el despacho del producto a los clientes. Metodología. Se hizo un análisis preliminar del levantamiento y traslado de cargas en el despacho de jabas de bebidas alcohólicas de forma manual utilizando tablas de Snook y Ciriello para encontrar el peso máximo acceptable y el nivel de riesgo ergonómico, luego se aplicó el método de indicadores clave de tracción y empuje (KIM PP) para evidenciar la mejora ergonómica al implementar la ayuda de una carretilla de acero movil. Resultados. El estudio preliminar con las tablas de Snook y Ciriello indica un peso máximo de manipulación de la carga en el: descenso, levantamiento, transporte y arrastre son de: 11,9 kg; 7,79 kg; 16,43 kg y 25,67 kg respectivamente, considerando, género masculino, con un porcentaje de protección del 90%, distancia máxima recorrida de 8 m, peso de la carga de 23 kg por jaba de bebida alcohólica, altura de traslado promedio de 0,8 m, con una frecuencia de 15 traslados por hora. Del resultado de la aplicación de la mejora ergonómica con el uso del método de indicadores clave de tracción y empuje (KIM PP) se obtuvo un valor de 1 que corresponde a riesgo ergonómico bajo con poca probabilidad de aparición de sobrecarga física. Conclusión. El resultado de la aplicación de una carretilla de acero para el transporte manual de las jabas de bebidas alcohólicas en el despacho a los clientes atenúa el nivel de riesgo ergonómico a valores de riesgo bajo y podrían ayudar a prevenir trastornos musculo-esqueléticos.

Introduction. The activities carried out by nursing assistants, mobilizing hospital lingerie manually, can cause lumbar injuries. Objective. This research evaluates the use of a cargo vehicle for the transport of hospital linen, to reduce lumbar injuries in the auxiliary nursing staff of the Tungurahua Private Hospital, using the tables of Snook and Ciriello as a means of verification. Which is based on the ISO 11228 standard. Methodology. It began with the identification of musculoskeletal disorders using the Nordic Kuorinka Questionnaire as a tool. Then, to find the maximum acceptable forces and the ergonomic risk level of the use of a 4-wheel cargo vehicle with a load capacity of 15 kg, the Snook and Ciriello tables were used. In order to deepen the study, an evaluation was carried out after the implementation of the mechanical aid, using the Key Indicators Method (MIC). Results. From the Nordic Kuorinka questionnaire, it indicates that 100% of the study population have presented low back pain. The preliminary study with the tables of Snook and Ciriello indicates a maximum weight of handling of the load in the: lifting, unloading and transport are of: 7.99 kg; 8.67 kg and 10.2 kg respectively. After the implementation of the ergonomic measures, a score of 4,875 was obtained, which represents a low ergonomic risk level of 1. Conclusion. The result of the application of cargo vehicles for the transport of hospital linen attenuates the level of ergonomic risk to low risk values ​​and could help prevent lumbar injuries.

Introduction. Workers who are dedicated to the manufacture of PVC compounds, perform product mixing, packaging, standing for most of the working day, and even lifting loads, which has caused the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries, especially lumbar. Objective. Redesign the palletizing workstation for the prevention of osteomyoarticular disorders with the help of an adjustable worktable. Methodology. It began by detecting osteomyoarticular involvement in workers using the Nordic Questionnaire. With that information and to complete the study, the coplanar static biomechanical calculation method (BIO-MEC) was used to identify the improvement when using an adjustable table at the position of. Results. From the application of the Nordic questionnaire, it was observed that 27% of the workers present musculoskeletal problems in the neck, 45% in the shoulder and 82% in the lumbar area. Of the total jobs, 55% of the workers have musculoskeletal problems, of which the male sex is the most affected. After the application of an adjustable work table, angles of: 159 ° for knee, 170 ° hip, 85 ° for L5 / S1, 40 ° for shoulder, 160 ° for elbow and 90 ° wrist were achieved and with the collation of a mirror worker in the palletizing workstation and by reducing 50% of the weight in the maximum load for the worker, the maximum loads supported of: elbow, shoulder, knee, lumbar ankle and hip were reduced to the recommended limits. Conclusion. By implementing an adjustable work table in the palletizing station, the ergonomic risk level was reduced by 80%

Introduction. COVID-19 has changed reality, forcing the population to adopt new work scenarios, among which those concerning the teaching-learning modality stand out, making telework a necessity to adapt this way of work, which has increased osteomyoarticular discomfort (AOM) due to postural static load with the use of dysergonomic chairs. Objective. This research applies the use of adjustable chairs to reduce OMA problems in teachers who telework at Hispano America Educational Unit (UEHA), using the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method for  verification. Methodology. It began with the identification of the most frequent OMA problems using the Nordic Questionnaire as the main tool. Prior to the implementation of the use of adjustable chairs, the postures adopted by the teachers who carry out teleworking of the technical commission of the UEHA accounting area were evaluated, with the ROSA method that starts from the observation of jobs in which the worker remains seated in a chair, in front of a table, and operating a computer with a data display screen. Results. From the Nordic questionnaire, it was observed that of the study population, 75% of the teachers have presented OMA symptoms such as lumbar pain. From the results of the application of the corrective measure with the use of adjustable chairs using the ROSA method, an overall decrease was obtained from the initial score of 7, to a final ergonomic risk level for forced postures of 4; improving posture and reducing low back pain caused. Conclusion. With the use of the adjustable chair in the workplace, a reduction of three points to the ROSA final score was achieved, which results in a low risk of the workplace.

Introduction. The pandemic has caused an unprecedented crisis. Everyone is struggling to respond to the health and economic crisis. New businesses and ventures have emerged, door-to-door food delivery has been an alternative. Objective. A study of postural static load was carried out with the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method in the execution of tasks of motorized door-to-door food transport workers in conditions of biological risk generated by COVID-19 in Latacunga. Methodology. The study begins with a comparison of the level of ergonomic risk due to postural load with the application of the REBA method in three types of motorcycle chosen for their durability, performance, rack capacity, safety and cost. Then the variables that are part of the REBA method were analyzed considering the position of the: trunk, neck, legs, arm, forearm, wrist and their respective penalties for the execution of the activity, repetitiveness and postural changes due to the anthropometric location in the types of motorcycle studied. Results. The results determine that the position of the neck and trunk are the significant variables in the final result of the level of risk due to static postural load. Being the Dukare 125cc pasola type motorcycle that determines a 40% lower final score of the REBA method in relation to the 2 Yamaha and b 125 and 3 Suzuki Huracán 125 cc motorcycles due to low values ​​of the leg score by 50% for having instability and a better position of the trunk in the execution of the task by adopting an angle of 0 ° to 20 °. Conclusion. The best option to reduce the postural static load in door-to-door food transport is motorcycle 1 (type Pasola Dukare 125cc) for low values ​​of the leg score by 50% since motorcycles

Introduction. The slaughter of cattle is a semi-industrial work in sequence, where constant force is exerted and repetitive actions are carried out that can make this activity very dangerous to suffer from osteomyoarticular disorders, such as the job of an expert in the Municipal Chamber of the Decentralized Autonomous Government. (GAD) of the City of Ambato. Objective. This research designs an ergonomic position to mitigate distal affections in the upper extremities due to the manipulation of viscera in a continuous process line and with efforts to adapt to fixed surfaces and humid and cold conditions that multiply the effort. Methodology. First, the Occupational Repetitive Action (OCRA) method was used to establish the important variables in the actions that are carried out while completing cycles and where perceptual or cognitive activities clearly prevail and movements of the upper limbs are residual. Then the possibility of implementing an adjustable platform was studied to improve posture and reduce the level of risk due to repetitive movement. To deepen the study, a controlled time plan was combined, movements until a significant decrease was achieved. Results. The results of the implementation of a new work platform show a 45% decrease in the OCRA index, considering: a) 23.3% decrease in time in shoulder position, 16.7% in elbow, use of heated gloves, elimination of clamping height, increased a break in the work day other than lunch, elimination of static clamping height, reduction of a technical action, a mirror post was added and lowered to a dynamic technical action with 20 actions in one minute. Conclusion. By placing the work plane anthropometrically with the use of an adjustable platform, the ergonomic risk due to repetitive movement was reduced to 45%.

Introduction. At present, a progressive increase in musculoskeletal disorders has been noted in people who work in copper mines, especially winemakers who lift and transfer loads of materials, heavy equipment, and spare parts. Objective. This research analyzed the use of a platform cart as an ergonomic aid, for the transfer of materials in the warehouse of the company CRCC, using the Snook and Ciriello table, which is based on the ISO 11228 standard. Methodology. This work is prospective, correlational, qualitative-quantitative, since an instrument will be implemented to improve the job of a winemaker. First, the maximum acceptable weight was determined under normal working conditions, considering the worker's posture and the characteristics of the load lifting of the CRCC company cellar position, using the Snook and Ciriello tables that collect the maximum acceptable weights recommended for the load handling, with sustained ascents and descents and the force when pushing or pulling the load. To deepen the study, an evaluation of the lifting and transfer of the load was carried out, after the implementation of a 4-wheel steel platform car with a load capacity of 300kg, using the KIM-PP Key Indicator push and pull method. Results. From the application of the Snook and Ciriello tables in initial conditions, a value of 12.82kg of maximum acceptable weight was obtained, considering: a) manual transport of the load, b) the load is transported by hand, c) 40kg of weight medium of the load, d) 10 transports per hour, e) inadequate grip, f) vertical distance from the ground to the hands is 110cm, g) distance of transport of the load of 8.5m. After the implementation of the ergonomic measures, a score of 5 was obtained, which represents a low ergonomic risk level of 1, taking into account: a) 68m push and pull distance, b) use of a platform cart, c) 40kg weight of the load, d) speed of movement <0.8 m / s, e) trunk slightly inclined forward, f) floor with small unevenness. Conclusion. The result of the use of the flatbed car helps significantly in the transfer of the cargo of the CRCC company winemakers, determining low risk levels.

Introducción. La pandemia por Covid-19 doblegó a la economía mundial y las maneras comunes de trabajar, obligando a los estudiantes y maestros a recibir clases en línea en condiciones que no son adecuadas ergonómicamente para su salud. Objetivo. Diseñar antropométricamente una silla y un escritorio para un grupo de estudiantes que reciben clases de posgrado en línea y atenuar el riesgo ergonómico. Métodos. Se empezó determinando las dimensiones reales de los elementos antropométricos principales que determinan un grupo de profesionales que estudian en línea para luego aplicando cálculo de percentiles escoger la mejor dimensión de 14 partes de una silla y un escritorio que atenúe el nivel de riesgo ergonómico. Resultados. De la aplicación del cálculo de los percentiles para una población de 35 estudiantes considerando una marca de clase (m) de 6  para 14 dimensiones antropométricas que coinciden con 14 partes importantes del diseño se escogió las siguientes dimensiones: altura del asiento 42,49 cm, espacio entre las piernas y mesa 17,39 cm, profundidad del asiento 44,68 cm, altura de la mesa 53,93 cm, altura reposabrazos 22,81 cm, ancho superior del espaldar 43,49 cm, profundidad superior de la mesa 60,17cm, profundidad inferior de la mesa 70,43 cm, distancia que permite movilidad 93,64 cm, ancho de la base del asiento 38,91 cm, distancia entre reposabrazos 45,88 cm, altura del espaldar del asiento 60,93 cm. Conclusión. Se diseñó un espacio de trabajo ergonómico considerando dimensiones antropométricas reales para un grupo de estudiantes de posgrado que estudia en condiciones de teletrabajo por pandemia de Covid-19.

Introduction. The activities that dentists develop in the Peasant Social Insurance generate damage to their health and early manifestations of musculoskeletal disorders are continually presented by adopting static postures and executing constant repetitive movements. Objective. The effect of the implementation of a program of active pauses for the control of musculoskeletal disorders generated by repetitive movements in the dentists of the Rural Social Security of Cotopaxi was tested. Methodology. A plan of active breaks was developed, which was then socialized with the exposed personnel for its execution. Finally, the efficacy of the active breaks program was analyzed by applying the Occupational Repetitive Action (OCRA) method before and after the intervention in the recovery factor, leaving a period of action of two weeks. Results. The implementation of 2 sessions of active breaks of ten minutes a day each, decreased the value of the Ocra index by 74%, giving the following results of the factors: with the following considerations: Help from an assistant and improvement of the manual tool by an automatic one. Conclusion. By implementing active breaks and providing the help of an assistant, the level of ergonomic risk due to repetitive movement was reduced by 70,05 % due to the OCRA index, going from intolerable to medium.

Keywords: ergonomic, dentists, OCRA active pauses .

Introduction. The coronavirus attacked the population of the world, complicating in a special way the logistics of transferring patients in designated hospitals that received patients in intensive care units and that did not have adequate ergonomic means of mobility, which generated discomfort and even accidents. Objective. Design an ergonomic wheelchair for a group of registered patients using anthropometry in an intensive care unit of a public hospital in the city of Ambato.

Methods. This study began with the collection of anthropometric data taken from a group of 100 patients who occupied the facilities of the Ambato Regional Teaching Hospital in the intensive care Unit and needed a wheelchair transfer for: assessment, diagnosis, application of analgesia and vasoactive sedatives, and central venous catheter placement. Next, design anthropometry was used to choose the main groups of the ergonomic wheelchair and finally the percentiles per section were calculated until the appropriate ergonomic dimensions of each part of the designed equipment were obtained. Results. After tabulating the data from a population of 100 patients, for 7 anthropometric dimensions chosen according to the recommended elements of interior spaces and the design of the ergonomic chair, the following dimensions were chosen: floor-popliteal 42.13 cm, knee- buttock 50.94 cm, shoulder width 49.87 cm, seat-back 52.70 cm, floor-elbow 70.06 cm, floor flexed arm 49.39 cm, back-foot 75.11 cm, Conclusion. An ergonomic wheelchair was calculated and designed by taking the anthropometric distances of a group of 100 Covid-19 patients.

Introduction. The safe design of emergency exits can improve the efficiency of occupant evacuation times during a fire caused by the combustion of polyurethane footwear in a multi-occupancy warehouse. Objective. The effectiveness of the implementation of emergency exits in the evacuation of people from a fire in a polyurethane footwear warehouse was measured using PyroSim and Psthfinder software. Methodology. This investigation first used PyroSim software to create a) the simulation environment of a warehouse, b) the fire caused by the combustion of polyurethane footwear, c) environmental conditions of the event and specific geographic location. Pathfinder software was then used to simulate the evacuation time of personnel and occupants considering the physical attributes of personnel and movement speeds. To deepen the study, a comparison of the evacuation time was established in initial conditions and then with the implementation of emergency doors according to the NFPA 101 standard. Results. In a local of 10m. wide, 15m. long, 3 m high, with two windows of 4.5 m2 and a door of 2.5 m2, in a warehouse located at 2770 m above sea level, with 76% relative humidity, at a temperature of 16°C, 1118 hPa atmospheric pressure, the evacuation time of 20 people At an evacuation walking speed of 1m/s is 40 s. Air extraction systems were not considered because of the houses built adjacent to the case study or disabled people as clients. Conclusion. With the implementation of an evacuation door of 3.4 m2 the time is reduced to 30 s.

Introduction, according to the survey applied to the administrative staff of the Faculty of Engineering of the National University of Chimborazo, 77.8% use the computer for more than 4 hours and 22.2% from 2 to 4 hours. Objective, it is to assess the levels of visual computer syndrome by means of the CVSS 17 test exposed to digital display screens. Methodology, it was carried out through a cross-sectional study applied to 27 administrative staff from the Faculty of Engineering. Sociodemographic variables of the personnel were evaluated. The CVSS 17 test was applied to measure whether there is visual fatigue. The reliability of the instrument is 0.87 Results, the results obtained 22.2% are asymptomatic and 77.8% have visual fatigue. 22.2% have moderate level 3 fatigue, 66.7% moderate level 4 and 11.1% Severe Level 5. Conclusion, through the use of the test designed to measure the ocular and visual symptoms associated with the use of PVD, 77.8% of visual fatigue is presented. The presence of clinical alterations has been shown to be significantly associated with telework, a pandemic, the age of the individuals, and previous visual illnesses.

Introduction. During the pandemic, confinement forced teachers to telework, modifying occupational risks and therefore the consequences of their exposure. Ergonomic risk-related pathologies are the most common, even causing visual problems. Objective. To establish an ergonomic prevention plan, using the ROSA (Rapid Office Strain Assessment) method,  to reduce the prevalence of Computer Visual Syndrome (SVI) in teachers who perform telework in Educational Unit A. Methodology. A prospective, correlational, quantitative qualitative research was carried out. A 75 teachers were evaluated, exposed for six months to teleworking. For the diagnosis of the pathology, the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) was used, while to determine the level of ergonomic risk to which they were exposed, an analysis was carried out with the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method. Results: After the application of the CVS-Q, 76% of teachers presented with SVI, with the age range  with the highest prevalence being 20-35 years. On the other hand, with the initial evaluation of the ROSA method, 61.3% of teachers who present a high and very high level of risk were identified, evidencing in all cases, a daily exposure greater than 4 hours. Of these workers, 91.3% have Computer Visual Syndrome. After the application of the ergonomic prevention plan, it was possible to reduce the level of ergonomic risk,  modifying: exposure time to screen and peripherals, seat height, inclination of the backrest and lumbar support, position of the screen, brightness and reflections on the screen, use of the phone and use of the mouse.  Conclusion. The adequacy of the workplace with the implementation of active breaks, ocular gymnastics, screen exposure time, correct use of peripherals, use of ergonomic chair, screen position, use of anti-reflective screen, use of ergonomic mouse, lower risk 100% ergonomic according to the ROSA method..

Introduction, the execution of handicraft activities where prevention management is not considered and fewer ergonomic aids expose workers to severe working conditions for lifting loads of different weights all day can cause osteomyoarticular disorders and even work accidents. Objective. The effect of an ergonomic aid was investigated to reduce the weight of the loads lifted by the Incubandina company's chicken drawer dispenser by half and to attenuate the composite lifting index of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Methodology. First, it began by identifying: time of execution of the lifts, weight of the load, vertical position (V), horizontal position (H), height of the lift (D), angle of rotation (A), frequency of the lifts (F) and grip. Then the calculation of the individual index of each load and in the end the composite lifting index for multiple tasks was carried out, making the adjustments of the NIOSH factors using the NTP 477. This was done in initial conditions and then with the ergonomic help to see the percentage of improvement. Results. The lifting of four different loads was identified: 20 kg, 25 kg, 18 kg, 20 kg; of which the indices of individual lifts were calculated determining: 1.15; 1.51; 1.24 and 1.28 respectively and a composite lift index of 2.42. When locating a mirror post and sharing the loads, an individual lifting index of: 0.49 was found; 0.62; 0.46; and 0.52 respectively and a compound lifting index of 0.6 Decreasing the composite lifting index by 182%. Conclusion. With the use of a person who helps with the manual lifting of the loads, the compound lifting index can be lowered by 182%, guaranteeing the execution of the activity within the limits recommended by Ecuadorian legislation in DE 23 93 Art. 128 Lit. Four.