Introduction: Insulin resistance is a medical condition characterized by decreased tissue response to insulin; or a decrease in its production or quality, which translates into a consequent increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood; metabolic syndrome is a pathology mediated by insulin resistance and encompasses the coexistence of type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity. Objective: To synthesize current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and the role of insulin resistance. Methodology:  This is a narrative review of the literature that is built from original articles, systematic and narrative reviews published in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Redalyc, and SciELO, using the descriptors and terms: metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cell insulin secretors. The selection was made according to the inclusion criteria: publication time of less than 10 years, English and/or Spanish language, and being freely available in its full version. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is a complex pathophysiological phenomenon that, unlike the classical and erroneous glycocentric concept, impacts on the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, consequently affecting all functional and structural levels of the organism, constituting the pathophysiological substrate in the development of metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: currently one of the main diseases that affects the female population worldwide is cervical cancer, where the human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a central role, being one of the primary causes that trigger this pathology. Despite the fact that a certain number of women have the disease asymptomatically and may even present normal cytologies, it is through the genetic study of this virus that the viral genotype is determined, as well as the risks of developing neoplastic lesions. Method: the present study is quantitative, retrospective, retrospective cross-sectional, non-experimental design, observational, analytical and correlational method, whose objective was to establish the correlation between the HPV viral genotype with intraepithelial lesions in the cervix in women treated in the outpatient clinic. of Gynecology of the Durán Basic Hospital, in the period from January 2018 to October 2021 with cervical cytology examination and HPV genotyping. Results: the work included 100 patients who met the selection criteria, of which 55% were positive cases and 45% negative cases, of this positive percentage the prevalent genotypes were 16 (14%), 51, 42 ( 8%), 35 and 54 (6%). In addition, cytology revealed a higher incidence of low-grade intraepithelial lesions (53%) and high-grade intraepithelial lesions (19%) where the main genotypes affecting these women were high-risk in both classifications. Conclusions: HPV genotyping plays a very important role in guiding the physician regarding the clinical evolution of patients, as well as for proper management of the disease.

Introduction. Dental Fluorosis (DF) is an endemic issue in children's health. It is characterized by disruption in tooth formation resulting in enamel defects varying from whitish stains to the development of pits in infants. Objective. Based on a literature review, this study aims to determine the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among children aged 6 to 12 in Cuenca city. Methodology. This research was performed through a qualitative methodology with a descriptive and retrospective approach to know the DF in children residing in urban parishes within Cuenca canton. Results. The results show that the percentage of DF in the studies investigated is 12.67% of prevalence. Conclusion. It is concluded that there are few studies related to dental fluorosis in children aged 6 to 12, and there is no up-to-date investigation to determine the prevalence after the crisis caused by COVID-19.

Introduction: Type II diabetes mellitus (DM2) and sarcopenia are conditions that present a high prevalence and significant complications, which makes them important public health problems. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review on the clinical correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin and the degree of sarcopenia in patients with type II diabetes mellitus for its correct diagnosis and management in our environment. Methodology: This study is based on a systematic review of 12 original scientific articles published between January 2019 and June 2023, focused on the relationship between DM2 and sarcopenia. Results: The findings indicate an increasing prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM, especially when glycemic control is inadequate. It was observed that glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels greater than 8.5% are associated with an increased risk of developing sarcopenia. The studies analyzed also suggest that the most effective treatment to mitigate sarcopenia is a combination of resistance exercise and nutritional counseling. Although HbA1c is a useful indicator for monitoring glycemic control, it does not reflect daily fluctuations in glucose levels, which are also a crucial factor in the development of sarcopenia. Conclusions: The review concludes that early diagnosis and multidisciplinary intervention are crucial to prevent and treat sarcopenia in patients with T2DM. General area of study: Health. Specific area of study: General Medicine. Type of study:  Original articles

In forensic dentistry, teeth provide valuable information when estimating an individual's age. Clinical observations of factors such as the development of dentition, loss, teeth wear, and the presence of dental diseases can assist in estimating a person's age. The importance of estimation lies in several aspects, like identifying human remains in crimes, natural disasters, or armed conflicts. Objective: To describe through a literature review the relevance of age estimation by clinical observation of dental pieces in forensic dentistry. Materials and methods: PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Dialnet. Conclusions: Upon completing the literature review, it was concluded that age estimation through clinical observation of teeth in forensic dentistry is fundamental when identifying unknown individuals or determining age in legal cases.

Introduction. The tongue has been used in oral reconstructive surgery for over a century, with the pedicled tongue flap introduced by Eiselberg in 1901. Cleft palate, a congenital malformation that develops between the third and tenth week of intrauterine life, can be caused by several factors, including its size, failed healing, excessive flap tension, necrosis, and hematomas. These defects produce difficulties in phono-articulation, halitosis, and regurgitation of fluids from the oral cavity into the nasal cavity. Currently, lingual flap rotation is the most recommended technique for tight closure of cleft palate due to its wide vascularity and versatility. The flaps can be posterior or anterior based, depending on the area to be corrected. Objective. To describe the surgical technique of lingual flap rotation to close cleft palate. Methodology. The present study has a descriptive approach, for which a compilation of data with relevant information about the surgical technique of tongue flap rotation for the closure of cleft palate has been conducted by searching in digital databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, and Scopus with the keywords "cleft palate," "tongue flap," "maxillomandibular anomalies."  

Introduction: Microbial pathogens are the major cause of foodborne illness. One of the main bacterial agents is Staphylococcus aureus, and when faced with a lack of hygienic and sanitary quality during the food manufacturing process, pathological risk factors and foodborne diseases become evident. Objective: To identify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus from bulk fresh cheese sold in various municipal markets and shopping centers in Cuenca by phenotypic methods. Methodology: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2023. A simple random sampling method was employed, resulting in the analysis of 60 bulk fresh cheese samples, with 40 samples obtained from different municipal markets and 20 samples collected from shopping malls in Cuenca, Ecuador. Sample collection, isolation, and analysis followed conventional microbiological methods and procedures. Results: It was found that 88.33% of the samples exhibited colony growth characteristics consistent with S. aureus. Biochemical tests revealed that 35.84% were catalase-positive, 15.09% were coagulase-positive, and 11.32% were DNase (deoxyribonuclease)-positive. Conclusion: There is the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh cheese sold in various municipal markets Cuenca in comparison to the commercial centers whose product quality was shown to be good.

Introduction: Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that lead to various gastrointestinal conditions in the population, even requiring hospitalization. On the other hand, total coliforms are indicators of the presence of disease-causing bacteria. Objective: To determine the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms on regular and irregular inert surfaces in the food preparation and consumption area of a food establishment in Cuenca. Methodology: It is an observational descriptive cross-sectional study with 40 samples of regular and irregular inert surfaces in a restaurant. Results: According to the "Peruvian Technical Guide for the Microbiological Analysis of Surfaces in contact with Food and Beverages" Ministerial Resolution N° 461-2007/MINSA of inert surfaces, the place does not comply with the requirements due to the presence of both Escherichia coli and total coliforms according to the areas of food preparation and consumption; for total coliforms with the presence of (32.3%; 22.2%) while for E. coli, (16.1%; 22.2%) respectively, and for E. coli, (16.1%; 22.2%). coli, (16.1%; 22.2%) respectively on the other hand regular and irregular analysed surfaces for total coliforms (20%; 33.3) and E. coli (10.0%; 20.0%). Conclusion: The results showed the presence of total coliforms, an indication of contamination by pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli) due to the lack of hygiene in the establishment.