Frequent oral pathologies in adults with fixed orthodontic appliances. Literature review

Abstract

Introduction. The oral mucosa is an easily accessible site for the development of various pathologies, whether of localized or generalized origin, since most oral mucosal diseases have implications for opportunistic microorganisms of ambulatory or hospitalized character; thus, these oral pathologies presented in adults wearing orthodontic appliances could create favorable conditions for the increase of bacterial plaque, including periodontal pathogens with systemic repercussions. Objective. To determine the frequent oral pathologies that occur in adults with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methodology. The literature was selected through a search in the electronic scientific databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Google Academic, Dialnet, Proquest, Pesquisa, Epistemonikos, Taylor & Francis, with no language limit and a time frame from June 2013 to June 2023. Results. A total of N = 1523 was obtained, of which the present literature review analyzed 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria and had adequate evidence to be included in the review. Conclusion. The available literature revealed that adult individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances may present various oral pathologies during their treatment, and among the most frequent pathologies due to poor oral hygiene are gingivitis, periodontitis, caries, decalcification of the dental enamel, and the formation of white spots, among others. On the other hand, to minimize these risks, it is essential to maintain a rigorous oral hygiene routine, including regular brushing, flossing, and mouthwashes recommended by the orthodontist. In addition, it is crucial to attend regular dental checkups to detect and treat any oral problems early.