Introduction: In Ecuador in 2016 the "Organic Law of Identity Management and Civil Data" came into force, this law set a precedent as a starting point for the claim of the human rights of the LGBTI group; however, due to the heteronormative system present in our legislation, this law contains regulations that violate the rights of these people. since it only recognizes identities that is considered normal. Objectives: In the present study, the current regulations were analyzed with the need to carry out a partial reform to the Organic Law of Management of Identity and Civil Data of Ecuador, in addition, the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, international Treaties, Ecuadorian Legislation, Legal Doctrine in what refers to the legal guarantee of the LGBTI group with a comparative study between Ecuadorian and Argentine legislation in the recognition of the gender identity of the LGBTI group. Methodology: The research developed includes a mixed approach: qualitative and quantitative, qualitative based on the review of information, the quantitative focused on surveys of representatives of LGTBI groups in the Sierra Region of Ecuador. Finally, the depth ranges from a descriptive-explanatory method, until concluding with the inductive-deductive one. Results: With the tabulation of the surveys, the struggle of LGTBI groups, as well as the effort of the States to guarantee their connection with society, is still difficult, which is why to try to reduce this discrimination gap to mark a milestone in the Ecuadorian country. Conclusions: The results of this study justify the need for a partial reform of the organic law for the management of identity and civil data, as it is discriminatory at the time of recognition of the LGBTI group. General study area: Social Sciences. Specific area of ​​study: Human rights.

Introduction. Microenterprises stand out for their importance in a country's economy, due to their leading role in job creation, their flexible nature and ability to quickly adapt to market changes are highlighted. Objective. Analyze the characterization, importance, and participation of MSMEs in the generation of employment and production processes in the province of El Oro. Methodology. The present investigative work uses a non-experimental quantitative methodology, its cross-sectional, descriptive analysis. The data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses was taken as a basis, as well as literature review, such as books, magazines, and reports. Results. Microenterprises occupy 93.23% of the business network of the Province of El Oro, susceptible to permanence due to many factors, it is estimated that its productive gap is mainly due to economic agents against free competition, it depends on the place where it is located, type production, lack of access and the inevitable high cost of financing. Contrary to its limitations, they contribute to the generation of employment with 25.33% at the country level, at the province level 3.94%, which represents 106,314 sources of employment. In addition, its contribution to the wage bill amounts to 761,705 million dollars, which is equivalent to 2.90% in the province of El Oro. Conclusions. Microenterprises are of great importance at the economic level in the country and the province, they are mainly characterized by being family businesses that unite their capital to carry out activities. However, these businesses often lack a solid business culture that allows them to survive and achieve success in their growth. Faced with these limitations, they use remarkable resilience, generating employment, income, contributing to the Gross Domestic Product and fiscal aspects. General area of study: Accounting. Specific area of study: Tax.

Introduction. Cost accounting plays a crucial role in the production of steel structures, provides valuable information on the financial health of a company and helps to make informed decisions on cost optimization. In the steel structure production process, cost accounting is especially important due to the complexity of the manufacturing operations. Cost accounting plays an important role in decision making within the steel structure production industry. Process costing enables strategic decisions to be made and ensures the overall profitability and sustainability of the steel structure production process. Objective. To explain the importance of cost accounting in the production of steel structures. Methodology.  The research methodology proposed for the study is composed of the following steps: a. Statement of the problem. b. Literature review. c. Research design. d. Data collection and analysis. e. Results and conclusions. f. Bibliography. Results and conclusions. f. Bibliography. g. Writing the article. Each of them well defined.  Results. The following results are obtained in different components. 1. Cost components in the production of steel structures. 2. Cost allocation methods in the production of steel structures. 3. Cost estimation techniques to produce steel structures. 4. Cost control measures in the production of steel structures. 5. Production processes of steel structure production. Quality control in the production of steel structures. 7. Challenges of cost accounting in the production of steel structures. 8. Case studies and best practices of cost accounting in steel structure production. Conclusion. Cost accounting plays a crucial role in the production of steel structures, the costs to be considered are: material costs, labor costs and overhead, companies can make informed decisions and effectively control costs. Various cost allocation methods, such as direct and indirect cost allocation and activity-based costing, help to allocate costs accurately to different production processes. Finally, cost accounting is a vital tool for optimizing production processes and ensuring the profitability and sustainability of steel structure production.

Introduction. With the appearance of the different technological devices used in the criminal, documentology relies on them to carry out an exclusive analysis of the elements produced by writing. A document is a reason for comparison when there is suspicion of a change in its features, however, through the analysis, the intentionality of the alteration whose origin may be fraudulent or non-fraudulent must be ruled out. Each element provided to a signature is a hallmark of everyone, the use of technology has allowed the ease of execution of digital signatures, thus leaving aside little by little the holographic signatures, this leads to the development of software applicable to the collation of digital signatures allowing the discarding and comparison of doubtful and doubtful elements. Objective.  Detail the effective techniques and methods that are applied in the identification of digital signatures that allow the expert to verify the authenticity of documents. Methodology. The present investigation entails a qualitative investigation; it is the product of the search for bibliographic review in different scientific journals of great interest, analysis of the different articles, besides, the application of surveys and interviews with different experts. Results.  In the comparison between holographic and digital signatures, the techniques used in conventional calligraphic appraisal go hand in hand with the use of software, since it allows to analyze characteristic points products of the lines made during the reproduction of a writing. Conclusion.  The software applied by experts in the comparison of holographic and handwritten signatures is of great importance, but not vital, since they allow during their use to discard and compare several samples, after all, there are elements that cannot be analyzed and remain under the scientific knowledge and experience of the expert, is the only one in charge of validating the veracity of said variables found. General area of study: Criminal Law. Specific area of study: Criminalist.

Introduction: violence in its various forms and the causes that drive it is examined, with emphasis on domestic violence, as a manifestation of power relations between men and women, which is often naturalized in society and does not distinguish age, ethnicity, social status, or gender identity. To protect victims of violence, legal tools have been developed at the national and international levels, and Ecuador's laws addressing violence against women and femicide are mentioned. Objectives: To establish criteria to determine whether the distress ballot should be maintained or revoked after an investigation of domestic violence has been completed. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative approach and uses documentary research methods to analyze the relief ticket against domestic violence in Ecuador. It examines relevant legal provisions, treaties, and scientific works, as well as the principles and criteria applied in protection against domestic violence. Desk research provides valuable and diverse information to support analysis. Results: it is highlighted that domestic violence entails high social, economic, and personal costs for the victim and the family, and can generate physical, mental illnesses and even death. Rates of domestic violence in Ecuador have been on the rise, and the help ticket has become an important tool to protect people at risk of aggression. Documentary, statistical, legal, and jurisprudential research has been carried out, all with the aim of fulfilling the general objective of establishing criteria for determining whether the distress ballot should be maintained or revoked after an investigation of domestic violence has been completed. Conclusions: it is concluded that the State must guarantee the protection of people at risk of violence, and the approach of protection measures to prevent future acts of violence. General area of study: Law. Specific area of study: Family Law / Criminal Law.

Introduction.  Cost of quality (COQ) systems are methodologies that allow tourist accommodation establishments to evaluate their resources used for quality-related purposes. The implementation of COQ systems is crucial to effectively control costs and ensure the delivery of high-quality experiences to customers. By identifying the different types of quality costs, such as prevention costs and evaluation costs to enhance their reputation, build customer confidence and increase customer loyalty. Overcoming these challenges requires a comprehensive understanding of the critical components of quality management in the hospitality industry and the integration of quality cost systems into overall management strategies. Objective.  To analyze the importance of quality cost analysis in building customer confidence. Methodology.  A ten-step literature review methodology is used to collect, analyze and synthesize relevant information from various sources, such as books, academic articles and other documents, to present an overview of the state of knowledge on quality cost systems for tourist accommodation establishments. Results.  Eight main results are obtained, among which we have: 1. types of quality costs in tourist accommodation establishments. 2. prevention costs in tourist accommodation establishments. 3.costs of evaluation in tourist accommodation establishments. 4.costs for internal failures in tourist accommodation establishments. 5.external costs of failure in tourist accommodation establishments. 6.advantages of implementing a quality cost system in tourist accommodation establishments 7. challenges of the implementation of a quality cost system in tourist accommodation establishments. 8.practical cases of successful implementation of quality cost systems in tourist accommodation establishments. Conclusion.  Quality cost systems play a crucial role in ensuring the success and competitiveness of tourist accommodation establishments. The implementation of quality cost systems in tourist accommodation establishments is crucial to ensure continuous improvement and quality control of the services provided, establishments can effectively control costs and improve the overall guest experience. By collaborating with stakeholders and adopting best practices, tourism accommodation establishments can improve their quality cost systems and ultimately provide a better experience for their guests.

Introduction. The protection action emerges as a key legal instrument to safeguard rights enshrined in the constitution. This action is designed for individuals or entities who feel their constitutional rights have been infringed upon, whether by individuals, companies, or even governmental entities. However, despite its noble intent, the protection action has faced challenges, especially in the execution phase where judgments are not properly enforced. Objectives. The main purpose of this research is to analyze and understand the problems associated with the execution phase of judgments derived from the protection action in the Ecuadorian legal system. Methodology. Through a conceptual, historical, and doctrinal analysis, it seeks to identify the underlying causes of faulty or null execution and propose solutions ensuring the efficacy of this legal tool. It will also focus on questioning the current efficacy and examining how such deficiencies impact constitutional and human rights in Ecuador. Results. Upon analyzing the protection action in the Ecuadorian legal system, it was found that despite its significance, it faces substantial challenges in its execution phase. The lack of a specific procedure for this phase leads to delays and failures in enforcing judgments, undermining the constitutional and human rights of the victims. Conclusions. This execution flaw underscores the urgent need to review and strengthen the legal tool, possibly through a regulation that precisely governs this process, ensuring effective protection of citizens' rights.

Introduction.  The unilateral termination of the functions of public servants with provisional appointments, prior to the merit-based competitive examination, entails the violation of essential constitutional rights, such as the right to work, stability and legal certainty. Faced with these situations, those affected have resorted to the action for protection as a jurisdictional means of defending their rights. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vulnerability of the rights to work, stability, and legal security in public servants with provisional appointments, as well as to explore the action for protection as a suitable and effective jurisdictional guarantee for their protection and redress in cases of violation. Objective. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vulnerability of the constitutional rights to work, stability, and legal security in public servants with provisional appointments. It also seeks to explore the action of protection as a suitable and effective jurisdictional guarantee to protect and repair such rights in situations of violation. Methodology. Inductive-deductive and legal dogmatic methods were used with a qualitative approach. Constitutional and legal norms, doctrine, publications, and cases related to the topic were analyzed. An exhaustive review of relevant information was carried out to understand the nature and scope of the vulnerability of the rights involved and the viability of the protection action as a means of defense. Results. The research revealed that the violation of essential rights contemplated in the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador is a significant concern. These rights are designed to generate employment, boost the economy, ensure job stability, health, safety and education of citizens. The unilateral termination of functions of public servants with provisional appointment before the merit and competitive examination, is detrimental to these fundamental principles. Conclusion.  The analysis carried out shows that the unilateral termination of the functions of public servants with provisional appointments undermines the rights to work, stability and legal security. The action for protection is positioned as an essential jurisdictional tool to safeguard these violated rights. It is necessary to consider more effective protection mechanisms and guarantees to prevent these violations and ensure the full exercise of the fundamental rights of public servants in Ecuador.

Introduction. The tourism industry is crucial for the economic development of Cuenca, and the administration of tourism services in the city has made significant investments in promotion, including the creation of the Facebook page Visit Cuenca and the implementation of a tourist information center. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of tourists about the administration of tourism services in Cuenca, through the analysis of comments provided by tourists. Objective. To identify areas for improvement in the administration of tourism services and develop strategies to improve the overall tourism experience. Methodology. The research design for this study on the perception of the administration of tourism services in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, is mixed as it was a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collection methods for this study included the analysis of comments extracted from the Facebook page "Visit Cuenca" and the tourism forum of the city of Cuenca on Trip Advisor. The final sample size was 100 participants, including Ecuadorian and international tourists. Results. The following results were obtained in different components of the perception of Cuenca, Ecuador: 1. Perception of Tourists towards the Services of the Tourism Administration. 2. Tourists' perception of the Tourist Information Services. 3. 3. Tourists' perception of food and beverage services. 4. 4. Tourists' perception of safety and security. Tourists' perception of local culture and traditions. 6. Tourists' perception of environmental sustainability. 7. 7. Comparison of perception between national and international tourists. 8. Acknowledgements and 9. Conclusion. The research shows the perception of the administration of tourism services in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, shows the levels of satisfaction of tourists towards various aspects of tourism services. The results show that tourists are satisfied with accommodation services, transportation services, tourist attractions, and food and beverage services. The study also highlights differences in perceptions between domestic and international tourists. However, there is room for improvement in the availability, quality, and accessibility of tourist information services, as well as in the implementation of safety measures and environmental sustainability practices. General area of study: Service management. Specific area of study: Administration and quality of tourism services.