Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Advances in precision nutrition for NCDs: obesity, diabetes, and hypertension
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction. Traditional population-based nutrition guidelines have been effective in reducing nutritional deficiencies but show limitations when addressing individual genetic variability, particularly in the context of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). Precision nutrition, grounded in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, offers personalized dietary interventions based on everyone’s molecular profile. Objective. To analyze advances in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics applied to precision nutrition and their clinical impact on the prevention and management of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Methodology. A narrative review was conducted based on a non-systematic search of scientific databases (PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect), including articles published between 2018 and 2023. A total of 42 relevant studies were selected that provided evidence on gene–nutrient interactions with clinical applicability in NCDs. Results. At least 43 clinically relevant genetic variants were identified in relation to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Polymorphisms such as FTO (rs9939609), TCF7L2 (rs7903146), and ACE (rs1799752) modulate the response to specific dietary interventions, including high-fiber diets, sodium restriction, and increased monounsaturated fat intake. Omics technologies and next-generation sequencing have enabled the characterization of individual molecular profiles and the development of evidence-based, genetically tailored nutritional strategies. Conclusion. The integration of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics into clinical practice enhances the effectiveness of dietary interventions for NCDs through individualized approaches. Despite current implementation challenges, scientific evidence supports the consolidation of precision nutrition as an emerging model within personalized medicine. General Area of Study: Health and Wellness. Specific area of study: Nutrition and Dietetics. Type of study: Bibliographic review.
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Navas Benavides, V. S., Cárdenas Vidal, D. P., Vélez Rodríguez, K. P., & Mera Flores, R. R. (2026). Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Advances in precision nutrition for NCDs: obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Anatomía Digital, 9(1.2), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.33262/anatomiadigital.v9i1.2.3600
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Articulos de revisión bibliográfica
References
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24. Ramos-Lopez O, Martinez JA. Nutrigenetic approaches in obesity and weight loss. Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 5];409–415. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819178-1.00040-X
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35. Dzau VJ, Hodgkinson CP. Precision Hypertension. Hypertension [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Aug 2];81(4):702–708. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21710
36. Zambrano AK, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, et al. Genetic diet interactions of ACE: the increased hypertension predisposition in the Latin American population. Frontiers in Nutrition [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 2];10:1241017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1241017
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40. Jamshidi S, Eskandari Z, Ojaroodi AF, Keramat S, Stanek A. The Impact of Flavonoids and Omega-3 in Mitigating Frailty Syndrome to Improve Treatment Outcomes in Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Patients. Nutrients [Internet]. 2025 Jul 12 [cited 2025 Aug 2];17(14):2303. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142303
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3. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Enfermedades no transmisibles [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jun 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
4. Fenech M, El-Sohemy A, Cahill L, Ferguson LR, French TAC, Tai ES, et al. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics: viewpoints on the current status and applications in nutrition research and practice. Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2025 Jun 21];4(2):69-89. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3121546/
5. Berciano S, Figueiredo J, Brisbois TD, Alford S, Koecher K, Eckhouse S, et al. Precision nutrition: maintaining scientific integrity while realizing market potential. Frontiers in Nutrition [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jun 13];9:979665. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.979665
6. Bride L, Naslavsky M, Yamamoto GL, Scliar M, Pimassoni LHS, Aguiar PS, et al. TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism association with diabetes and obesity in an elderly cohort from Brazil. PeerJ [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jun 21];9:e11349. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11349
7. Sydorchuk L, Lytvyn B, Sydorchuk A, Yarynych Y, Daruvuri SP, Semenenko S, et al. Alpha-adducin 1 (rs4961) gene and its expression associated with sodium sensitivity in hypertensive patients: a cohort study in the western Ukrainian population. Endocrine Regulations [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jun 21];58(1):195–205. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478/enr-2024-0023
8. Naithani N, Sinha S, Misra P, Vasudevan B, Sahu R. Precision medicine: Concept and tools. Medical journal, Armed Forces India [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jun 21];77(3):249-257. Available from: https://doi.org.10.1016/J.MJAFI.2021.06.021
9. Zeisel SH. Precision (Personalized) Nutrition: Understanding Metabolic Heterogeneity. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jun 21]; 11(1):71–92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051736
10. Clark AJ, Lillard JW. A Comprehensive Review of Bioinformatics Tools for Genomic Biomarker Discovery Driving Precision Oncology. Genes (Basel) [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jun 21];15(8):1036. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11353282/
11. Livingstone KM, Ramos-Lopez O, Pérusse L, Kato H, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Precision nutrition: A review of current approaches and future endeavors. Trends in Food Science & Technology [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jun 21];128:253–264. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.017
12. Voruganti VS. Precision Nutrition: Recent Advances in Obesity. Physiology [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 May 26];38(1):42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00014.2022
13. Kiani AK, Bonetti G, Donato K, Kaftalli J, Herbst KL, Stuppia L, et al. Polymorphisms, diet and nutrigenomics. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 May 23];63(2 Suppl 3):E125–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2754
14. Chermon D, Birk R. FTO Common Obesity SNPs Interact with Actionable Environmental Factors: Physical Activity, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Wine Consumption. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Jun 21];14(19):4202. Available from: https://doi.org.10.3390/NU14194202/S1
15. Raulin AC, Doss S V., Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Molecular Neurodegeneration [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jun 21];17(1):72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4
16. Franzago M, Alessandrelli E, Notarangelo S, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 May 26];24(3):2571. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032571
17. Zapata-Bravo E, Pacheco-Orozco RA, Payán-Gómez C, López-Rippe J. Abordaje nutrigenómico de la obesidad: ¿dónde estamos? Revista de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 5];4(1):25–34. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.35454/rncm.v4n1.167
18. Sierra-Ruelas E, Vizmanos B, De Luis D, Martínez A. Obesity and genetics in clinical practice: Translational possibilities. Nutrición Clínica en Medicina [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Jul 5];19(1):1–18. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7400/NCM.2025.19.1.0005
19. Duarte MKRN, Leite-Lais L, Agnez-Lima LF, Maciel BLL, Morais AHdA. Obesity and Nutrigenetics Testing: New Insights. Nutrients [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 5];16(5):607. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050607
20. Barrea L, Annunziata G, Bordoni L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Nutrigenetics—personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Obesity Supplements [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 5];10(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4
21. San-Cristobal R, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez-González MÁ, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. Nature Reviews Endocrinology [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 5];16(6):305–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8
22. Martos-Moreno GÁ, Argente J. Obesidades monogénicas en la infancia: hacia una medicina de precisión. Revista Española Endocrinología Pediátrica [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jul 5];13(2): 23-32. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2022.Apr.733
23. Akhtar N, Virk ST, Zubair A, Mehboob S. Precision Medicine Approaches in Diabetes Management: Targeting Individualized Pathways. Innovative Research in Applied, Biological and Chemical Sciences [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 8];2(1):5–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.62497/IRABCS.2024.33
24. Ramos-Lopez O, Martinez JA. Nutrigenetic approaches in obesity and weight loss. Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 5];409–415. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819178-1.00040-X
25. Crujeiras AB. Papel de la epigenética en la nutrición y medicina de precisión para el tratamiento y prevención de la obesidad. Nutrición clínica en medicina [Internet] 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 5]; 17(3): 167-182. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7400/NCM.2023.17.3.5125
26. Felisbino K, Granzotti JG, Bello-Santos L, Guiloski IC. Nutrigenomics in Regulating the Expression of Genes Related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Physiology [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jul 11];12:699220. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.699220
27. Forouhi NG. Embracing complexity: making sense of diet, nutrition, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 9];66(5):786–799. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-023-05873-z
28. Chua-Lim LA, Vergara AS, Ulamarulama RM, Valencia EKA, Vergara ARN, Dable-Tupas G, et al. Role of nutrigenomics in diabetes care and prevention. Role of Nutrigenomics in Modern-day Healthcare and Drug Discovery [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 9];115–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824412-8.00001-1
29. Moreno VM, San-Cristóbal R, Hernández JAM. Nutritipos y nutríndices para el consejo nutricional de precisión. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jul 9];25(Sup. 3):12–13. Disponible en: https://renhyd.org/renhyd/article/view/1551
30. Dos Santos GB, Bispo ACF, dos Santos CB, Gomes TK de C. Tratamento nutricional do Diabetes Mellitus: foco na Nutrigenômica. Revista Lumen [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jul 9];30(2):100–117. Available from: https://fafire.emnuvens.com.br/lumen/article/view/22
31. Logroño Veloz MA, Betancourt Ortiz SL, Cargua Logroño VA, Bajaña Rosales M. Relación de la genómica nutricional y Diabetes tipo I. Arandu UTIC [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 11];11(2):93–118. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v11i2.253
32. Lam HN, Lin SP, Nguyen DHN, Chen CM, Su CT, Fang TC, et al. Integrative Roles of Functional Foods, Microbiotics, Nutrigenetics, and Nutrigenomics in Managing Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Nutrients [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Jul 9];17(4):608. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040608
33. Antwi J. Precision nutrition to improve risk factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Current Nutrition Reports [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 9]; 12(4): 679–694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00491-y
34. Farras RM. The Effectiveness of Nutritional Interventions on Hypertension Control: A Meta-Analysis. Journal La Medihealtico [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 2];5(3):600–608. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v5i3.1193
35. Dzau VJ, Hodgkinson CP. Precision Hypertension. Hypertension [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Aug 2];81(4):702–708. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21710
36. Zambrano AK, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, et al. Genetic diet interactions of ACE: the increased hypertension predisposition in the Latin American population. Frontiers in Nutrition [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 2];10:1241017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1241017
37. Giner V, Poch E, Bragulat E, Oriola J, González D, Coca A, et al. Renin-Angiotensin System Genetic Polymorphisms and Salt Sensitivity in Essential Hypertension. Hypertension [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2025 Aug 2];35(1):512–517. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.512
38. Defagó MD, Eynard AR. Nutrigenetics: potentials and applications in cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 2];79(2):168–180. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v79.n2.30289
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