Rotavirus in calves: risk factors, clinical manifestations, and novel therapeutic strategies
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Published:
May 29, 2025
Keywords:
Neonatal diarrhea, rotavirus, risk factors, calf mortality, novel therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Introduction. Currently, neonatal diarrhea is one of the main causes of mortality in calves in the livestock sector. They present a complicated etiology as they can be caused by viral agents (rotavirus and coronavirus), bacterial agents (E. coli), and parasitic agents (Cryptosporidium). Rotavirus causes a notable impact on cattle morbidity and mortality, especially affecting calves under three weeks of age. It carries significant economic weight due to the high treatment costs, delayed cattle development, and reduced future production. Objective. To provide updated information about risk factors, clinical manifestations, and new therapeutic approaches for the management of rotavirus in calves. Methodology. An investigation was conducted with updated data on clinical manifestations, risk factors, and new therapeutic strategies associated with rotavirus in calves. Forty-two articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese from the last 5 years for articles and 10 years for books were used. Discussion. The main risk factor influencing rotavirus pathogenesis is the lack of colostrum intake, the age of the calf, and the environment in which the calf is born, presenting characteristic signs of watery and foul-smelling diarrhea, as well as severe dehydration. The main clinical sign presented by calves infected with rotavirus is watery and foul-smelling diarrhea, along with severe dehydration. For this, balanced rehydration with sodium, glucose, and electrolytes should be administered either orally or through an esophageal tube, as this is recommended for calves. Conclusion. The lack and management of colostrum in the first hours of a calf's life is key as a risk factor for rotavirus infection. Colostrum is the key point in the transmission of maternal antibodies that will provide the primary and most important protection against infectious agents. Since there is no adequate treatment for this pathology, treatment must be preventive (use of vaccines in mothers and excellent quality colostrum). Despite this, early and adequate rehydration is ideal to maintain successful homeostasis in affected calves. General Study Area. Veterinary Medicine. Specific Study Area. Veterinary Sciences. Type of Study. Review Article.
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How to Cite
Castro Barreno, A. B., & Rosero Peñaherrera, M. A. (2025). Rotavirus in calves: risk factors, clinical manifestations, and novel therapeutic strategies. Anatomía Digital, 8(2.1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.33262/anatomiadigital.v8i2.1.3438
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Articulos de revisión bibliográfica
References
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23. Carter HSM, Steele MA, Costa JHC, Renaud DL. Evaluating the effectiveness of colostrum as a therapy for diarrhea in prewarned calves. Journal of Dairy Science [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 19]; 105(12):9982–9994. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36307241/
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3. Gaudino M, Nagamine B, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial confections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Veterinary research [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 17]; 53(1):70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36068558/
4. Geletu US, Usmael MA, Bari FD. Rotavirus in Calves and Its Zoonotic Importance. Veterinary Medicine International [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 March 27]; 2021(1): 6639701. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639701
5. Bravo-Ramos JL, Romero Salas D, Cruz Romero A, Alarcón Zapata MA, Ojeda Chi MM. Frecuencia de patógenos relacionados con la diarrea neonatal bovina en ranchos ganaderos de Veracruz. Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 April 18]; 11(2):181–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47808/revistabioagro.v11i2.498
6. Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Frontiers in veterinary science [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 18]; 8: 643220. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33869323/
7. Arcos Chico CD. Determinación de factores de riesgo involucrados en la diarrea neonatal bovina en fincas lecheras de la parroquia juan benigno vela en la provincia de Tungurahua [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador]; 2022 [citado 18 de abril de 2025]. Disponible en: https://cia.uagraria.edu.ec/Archivos/ARCOS%20CHICO%20CYNTHIA.pdf
8. Galarza R. Manejo de las diarreas neonatales de los bovinos. En: Uruguaya de Buiatría [Internet]. Santa elena Laboratorios; 2018 [citado 24 de marzo de 2025]. Disponible en: https://buiatriapaysandu.uy/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/buiatria2018.pdf
9. Grünberg W, Collins M. Manual de MSD. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar 24]. Diarrea en rumiantes neonatos - Aparato digestivo - Manual de veterinaria de MSD. Disponible en: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/es/aparato-digestivo/enfermedades-intestinales-en-rumiantes/diarrea-en-rumiantes-neonatos
10. Donato CM, Bines JE. Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines. Pathogens [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Apr 21]; 10(8):959. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080959
11. Benito A, Baselga C. Caracterización del Rotavirus A en diarreas neonatales de bovino [Internet]. 2022 [citado 26 de febrero de 2025]. Disponible en: https://rumiantes.com/caracterizacion-del-rotavirus-a-en-casos-clinicos-de-diarreas-neonatales-de-bovino/
12. Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus research [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 304: 198499. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34224769/
13. Kawagishi T, Nurdin JA, Onishi M, Nouda R, Kanai Y, Tajima T, et al. Reverse Genetics System for a Human Group A Rotavirus. Journal of Virology [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 April 19]; 94(2): 963–982. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00963-19
14. Uprety T, Wang D, Li F. Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Archives of virology [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 166(9): 2369–2386. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8254061/
15. Jessop E, Li L, Renaud DL, Verbrugghe A, Macnicol J, Gamsjäger L, et al. Neonatal Calf Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Microbiota: Etiologic Agents and Microbiota Manipulation for Treatment and Prevention of Diarrhea. Veterinary Sciences [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 April 14]; 11(3): 108. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/11/3/108/htm
16. Delling C, Daugschies A. Literature review: coinfection in young ruminant livestock—cryptosporidium spp. and its companions. Pathogens [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 19]; 11(1):103. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/1/103/htm
17. Russo A. Compendio de neonatología bovina Parte 3. Taurus [Internet]. 2020 [citado 2025 marzo 24]. Disponible en: https://www.revistataurus.com.ar/sistema/uploads/1129/entradas/09-compendio-67.pdf
18. Carter HSM, Renaud DL, Steele MA, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Costa JHC. A narrative review on the unexplored potential of colostrum as a preventative treatment and therapy for diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Animals (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 11(8): 2221. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34438679/
19. Umaña Sedó SG, Winder CB, Perry KV, Caswell JL, Mee JF, Renaud DL. Herd-level risk factors are associated with preweaning mortality on Ontario dairy farms. Journal of Diary Science [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 April 9]; 107(12): 11502–11512. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25265
20. Ahmed NU, Khair A, Hassan J, Khan MAHNA, Rahman AKMA, Hoque W, et al. Risk factors for bovine rotavirus infection and genotyping of bovine rotavirus in diarrheic calves in Bangladesh. PLoS One [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 March 27]; 17(2): e0264577. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0264577
21. Van Roon AM, Mercat M, Van Schaik G, Nielen M, Graham DA, More SJ, et al. Quantification of risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle herds: A systematic search and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Dairy Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 April 9]; 103(10):9446–9463. Available from: https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/action/showFullText?pii=S0022030220305798
22. Nussbaum O, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, Eicher R. Efficacy of oral administration of specific immunoglobulins in preventing neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy herds. Veterinary Record [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 April 10]; 193(12):16-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.3559
23. Carter HSM, Steele MA, Costa JHC, Renaud DL. Evaluating the effectiveness of colostrum as a therapy for diarrhea in prewarned calves. Journal of Dairy Science [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 19]; 105(12):9982–9994. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36307241/
24. Russo AF. Compendio de neonatología bovina Parte 4. Taurus [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 March 27]. Available from: https://www.revistataurus.com.ar/sistema/uploads/1129/entradas/8.-compendio-68.pdf
25. Mnikova LA, Ishkova TA, Alekseyenkova S V., Yurov KP. Bovine coronavirus: virus isolation, laboratory diagnostics and specific prevention. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 677(4): 042058. Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/677/4/042058
26. Bertoni E, Barragán AA, Bok M, Vega C, Martínez M, Gil JF, et al. Assessment of influential factors for scours associated with cryptosporidium sp., rotavirus, and coronavirus in calves from Argentinean dairy farms. Animals [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 11(9): 2652. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/9/2652/htm
27. Brunauer M, Roch FF, Conrady B. Prevalence of worldwide neonatal calf diarrhea caused by bovine rotavirus in combination with bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli k99 and cryptosporidium spp.: a meta-analysis. Animals (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 19]; 11(4): 1014. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33916839/
28. Ferrara G, Iovane V, Improda E, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine coronavirus infection among dairy cattle and water buffalo in Campania region, southern Italy. Animals [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 March 30]; 13(5): 772. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050772
29. Singh S, Singh R, Singh KP, Singh V, Malik YPS, Kamdi B, et al. Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of natural cases of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus infection causing enteritis in dairy calves. Microbial Pathogenesis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 April 21]; 138:103814. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103814
30. Van Mol W, Clinquart J, Pas ML, Bokma J, Pardon B. Pathogen-oriented approaches for neonatal calf diarrhea. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 8]; 91(4):167–181. Available from: https://openjournals.ugent.be/vdt/article/id/85202/
31. Barua SR, Islam S, Zonaed Siddiki AMAM, Masuduzzaman M, Hossain MA, Chowdhury S. Comparison of diagnostic tests for detection of bovine rotavirus in-calf feces. Macedonian Veterinary Review [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 20]; 44(1): 37–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0033
32. Chen J, Li D, Xu Y, Li Z, Ma S, Liu X, et al. Ensayo digital de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de gotas múltiples para enterovirus, coronavirus y rotavirus bovino. AXÓN VET [Internet]. 2023 [citado 21 de abril de 2025]. Disponible en: https://axoncomunicacion.net/ensayo-digital-de-reaccion-en-cadena-de-la-polimerasa-de-gotas-multiples-para-enterovirus-coronavirus-y-rotavirus-bovino/
33. Abdel-Rady A, Youssef ZM, Ma A. Clinical study with rapid serological detection of rotavirus infection in diarrheic neonatal calves. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 21]; 4(2): 2582-3183. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358226912
34. Cantor M, Renaud D, Plaugher G. Common pathogens causing diarrhea in dairy calves. PennState Extension [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 April 9]. Available from: https://extension.psu.edu/common-pathogens-causing-diarrhea-in-dairy-calves#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20pathogens%20responsible,and%20bacteria%20such%20as%20E
35. Lorenz I. Calf health from birth to weaning - an update. Irish Veterinary Journal [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 21]; 74(5):1–8. Available from: https://irishvetjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13620-021-00185-3
36. AgrovetMarket. Diarrea neonatal del ternero (parte 1). Agrovet Blog [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 April 10]. Available from: https://blog.agrovetmarket.com/diarrea-neonatal-parte1/
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38. Constable PD, Trefz FM, Sen I, Berchtold J, Nouri M, Smith G, et al. Intravenous and oral fluid therapy in neonatal calves with diarrhea or sepsis and in adult cattle. Frontiers in Veterinay Science [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 April 21]; 7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.603358
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