Risk factors during milking are associated with bovine subclinical mastitis due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (SAMR)
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Published:
Feb 7, 2025
Keywords:
SARM, Staphylococcus aureus, mastitis, risk factors, resistance, prevalence, milking
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introducción . La mastitis es una enfermedad importante en la lechería que afecta la productividad y el bienestar de las vacas. Se manifiesta en formas clínicas, subclínicas y crónicas, de ellas, la subclínica es la más común y difícil de detectar. En Ecuador, el 50% de la producción de leche se vende sin control de calidad, lo que supone un alto riesgo de residuos de antibióticos y altos recuentos de células somáticas. Además, Staphylococcus aureus , un patógeno resistente, es un factor clave en la mastitis subclínica y puede desarrollar resistencia a la meticilina debido al mal uso de antibióticos. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los factores de riesgo durante el ordeño asociados a la mastitis bovina subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SAMR). Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda crítica para recopilar documentación sobre los factores de riesgo durante el ordeño relacionados con la mastitis bovina subclínica causada por MRSA. Se utilizaron un total de 45 artículos en inglés, español y portugués publicados entre 2019 y 2024. Resultados y Discusión. El principal factor de riesgo es la falta de higiene durante todo el proceso de ordeño. Esto, combinado con otros factores como manos sucias del ordeñador, método de ordeño, mal uso de toallas de secado y antisépticos, diferencias en la conformación de ubre y pezón, número de lactancias, período de transición y estrés, aumenta la incidencia y prevalencia de mastitis relacionadas con MRSA. Conclusión . El principal factor de riesgo es la falta de higiene en los pasos de ordeño, que, al combinarse con otros factores, facilita la entrada del patógeno causante de mastitis subclínica. Área de Estudio General. Medicina Veterinaria. Área de Estudio Específica. Ciencias Veterinarias. Tipo de Estudio. Artículo de Revisión.
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Toscano, J., & Burgos Mayorga, A. R. (2025). Risk factors during milking are associated with bovine subclinical mastitis due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (SAMR). Anatomía Digital, 8(1), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.33262/anatomiadigital.v8i1.3248
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Articulos de revisión bibliográfica
References
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2. Aliverti F, Lucas M, Buldain D, Marchetti L, Mestorino N.Subclinical bovine mastitis and envioramental risk factors in samll producers of dairy cattle raised in the high altitude. Rev Investig Vet del Perú. 2021;5–14. Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/11336/169878
3. Bihon A, Syoum A, Assefa A. Assessment of risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from bovine subclinical mastitic milk in and around Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(4):939–48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1777-2
4. Bouchoucha B, Zeghilet N, Aimeur R, Lakhdara N, Bouaziz O. Analysis of the impact of risk factors on the occurrence of subclinical mastitis on dairy cattle farms in eastern Algeria. Vet Stanica. 2024;55(3):253–66. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210008
5. Jiménez Velásquez S del C, Torres Higuera LD, Parra Arango JL, Rodríguez Bautista JL, García Castro FE, Patiño Burbano RE. Profile of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Staphylococcus spp. obtained from bovine milk in Colombia. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2020;52(2):121–30. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2019.05.004
6. Da Silva JG, Camargo AC, de Melo RPB, Aragão BB, de Oliveira JMB, de Sena MJ, et al. Meca positive staphylococcus spp. In bovine mastitis, milkers, milking environment, and the circulation of different MRSA clones at dairy cows farms in the northeast region of Brazil. Cienc Rural. 2022;52(3). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210008
7. Puga-Torres B, Aragón E, Contreras A, Escobar D, Guevara K, Herrera L, et al. Analysis of quality and antibiotic residues in raw milk marketed informally in the Province of Pichincha–Ecuador. Food Agric Immunol. 2024;35(1). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2023.2291321
8. Cuenca-Condoy M, Reinoso-García L, González-Rojas J, García Bracho D. Etiology of Subclinical Bovine Mastitis In Biblian-Ecuador. J Anim Heal Prod. 2024;12(1):100–7. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2024/12.1.100.107
9. Silva ATF, Gonçalves JL, Dantas STA, Rall VLM, de Oliveira PRF, dos Santos MV, et al. Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Subclinical Mastitis-Causing Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics. 2023;12(9):1–16. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091353
10. Miranda Quezada M, Morales-Cauti S. Evaluación de la resistencia antibiótica de bacterias aisladas de mastitis subclínica en bovinos de establos lecheros de Lurín, Lima. Salud y Tecnol Vet. 2022;10(1):8–15. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.20453/stv.v10i1.4235
11. Schnitt A, Tenhagen BA. Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Herds: An Update. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2020;17(10):585–96. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2638
12. Yang F, Zhang S, Shang X, Li H, Zhang H, Cui D, et al. Short communication: Detection and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in China. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2020;103(1):840–5. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16317
13. Singha S, Koop G, Persson Y, Hossain D, Scanlon L, Derks M, et al. Incidence , Etiology , and Risk Factors of Clinical Mastitis in. Animals. 2021;11:1–17. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082255
14. Tibebu L, Belete Y, Tigabu E, Tsegaye W. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Potential Risk Factors in Selected Dairy Farms at the Interface of Animal and Human in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Vet Med Res Reports. 2021;Volume 12:241–51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.s331968
15. Avellán Vélez RH, Zambrano Aguayo MD, De La Cruz Veliz LM, Cedeño Palacios CA, Delgado Demera MH, Rezabala Zambrano PF, et al. Prevalencia de mastitis subclínica en el ganado bovino, mediante la prueba California Mastitis Test, en el cantón Rocafuerte de la provincia Manabí, Ecuador. Rev Amaz Cienc y Tecnol. 2019;8(1):62–70. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.59410/RACYT-v08n01ep06-0108
16. Khairullah AR, Ramandinianto SC, Effendi MH. A Review of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) on Bovine Mastitis. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(7):172–83. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.7.28
17. Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DHH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GES, et al. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One health perspective approach to the bacterium epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic-resistance, and zoonotic impact. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3255–65. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S272733
18. Galarza Galarza MI, Yarzábal Rodríguez LA. Staphylococcus aureus Resistentes a meticilina en animales de granja en Suramérica: una revisión sistemática. Rev Vive. 2021;4(11):358–77. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v4i11.99
19. Ferreira LB, De Freitas Santiago Israel L, Rabello RF, De Souza GN, Peruquetti RC, Dos Santos Medeiros L. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in northern Brazil. Semin Agrar. 2022;43(2):901–10. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p901
20. Rodríguez MF, Gomez AP, Ceballos-Garzon A. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus Isolated from Cows with Subclinical Mastitis: Do Strains from the Environment and from Humans Contribute to the Dissemination of Resistance among Bacteria on Dairy Farms in Colombia? Antibiotics. 2023;12(11). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111574
21. Sipahi N, Kaya E, Çelik C, Pınar O. The Characterization and Beta-Lactam Resistance of Staphylococcal Community Recovered from Raw Bovine Milk. Antibiotics. 2023;12(3). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030556
22. Cheng WN, Han SG. Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments — A review. Asian-Australasian J Anim Sci. 2020;33(11):1699–713. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0156
23. Bari MS, Rahman MM, Persson Y, Derks M, Sayeed MA, Hossain D, et al. Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures. Vet Res Commun [Internet]. 2022;46(3):621–40. Disponoble en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-09948-x
24. Abdeta D. A Study on the Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating Cows and Associated Risk Factors in Wolmara District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;28(2). Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.28.004621
25. Rowe SM, Godden SM, Royster E, Timmerman J, Boyle M. Cross-sectional study of the relationship between cloth udder towel management, towel bacteria counts, and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2019;102(12):11401–13. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17075
26. Salamanca-Carreño A, Vélez-Terranova M, Barajas-Pardo DP, Tamasaukas R, Jáuregui-Jiménez R, Parés-Casanova PM. Breed and non-genetic risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in livestock systems of Arauca, Colombian orinoquia. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2024;12(1):1–10. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2024.2310451
27. Medrano-Galarza C, Ahumada-Beltrán DG, Romero-Zúñiga JJ, Donado-Godoy P. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in specialized dairies in Colombia. Agron Mesoam. 2021;32(2):487–507. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v32i2.43794
28. Skarbye AP, Thomsen PT, Krogh MA, Svennesen L, Østergaard S. Effect of automatic cluster flushing on the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus in teat cup liners. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(6):5431–9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2018.11.022
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