Comparative Analysis of Costs and Benefits in Organic and Conventional Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Production in Balao-Guayas

Abstract

Introduction: Banana production (Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the most relevant agricultural activities in Ecuador and is key to its exports. In the face of sustainability challenges and international demands, the organic system has gained interest. However, its adoption remains limited by economic, technical, and certification barriers. Objective: To comparatively analyze the costs and benefits of organic and conventional banana production systems in the province of Guayas, identifying their economic, environmental, and sustainability implications. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was applied, with a non-experimental design and descriptive-correlational scope. Theoretical methods (historical-logical, analysis-synthesis) and empirical methods were used, through structured surveys administered to 23 producers in the Balao canton, selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using Excel and SPSS V23.0. Results: 60.9% of producers use the conventional system and 39.1% the organic one. 58.86% report box costs between USD 5.01 and 6.00. The predominant net profit is USD 1.01 to 2.00 per box (60.9%). 26.1% have an organic certification and 47.8% have not received technical training. The conventional system shows higher yields, but the organic model achieves better profitability when it gains access to certifications and differentiated prices. The main barriers are certification costs, lack of training, and shortage of specific inputs. Conclusion: Organic production is viable under favorable market conditions. Technical training and access to certifications are key factors to advance towards a more sustainable and profitable banana production. General study area: Administration. Specific study area: Sustainable agricultural production–Banana. Type of study: Original article.