Traditional and alternative energy supplements in Dairy cows
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Energy supplementation in dairy cows is an essential strategy to mitigate the negative energy balance during the transition and boost productivity in different production systems. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to synthesize the scientific evidence on energy supplementation in dairy cows, evaluating its impact on productive and metabolic parameters DMI, energy-corrected milk (ECM), NEFA, BHBA and glucose. Methodology: This review followed a descriptive and systematic approach, based on the PRISMA guidelines adapted to animal production research. Results: This review integrated recent scientific evidence on various supplements such as protected fats, processed cereals, phytonutrients, agro-industrial by-products, and metabolic additives. Traditional supplements, especially protected fats (palmitate, calcium salts of fatty acids) and processed cereals (wet grain corn, cracked wheat), improve milk production. In contrast, phytonutrients, such as capsaicin and essential oils, show more variable results, although with favorable trends in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, and some metabolic indicators. Agro-industrial by-products, such as cocoa bark and orange waste, are economical and sustainable alternatives, capable of maintaining production if used at appropriate levels of inclusion. On the other hand, metabolic additives and micronutrients such as propylene glycol, propionate, choline and protected methionine have been shown to improve energy balance, reduce fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, decreasing the risk of metabolic disorders in the postpartum period. Conclusions: results of this review show that traditional energy supplements such as protected fats and processed cereals are the most consistent in improving milk production and energy-corrected milk. General area of study: medicine. Specific area of study: veterinary. Type of article: systematic bibliographic review.
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Camino Grijalva, F. M., & Guerrero López, J. R. (2026). Traditional and alternative energy supplements in Dairy cows. Anatomía Digital, 9(1), 60-81. https://doi.org/10.33262/anatomiadigital.v9i1.3576
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Articulos de revisión bibliográfica
References
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[15] Gessner DK, Brock C, Hof LM, Most E, Koch C, Eder K. Effects of supplementation of green tea extract on the milk performance of peripartal dairy cows and the expression of stress response genes in the liver. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 11(1):57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-00465-y
[16] Al-Suwaiegh SB, Morshedy SA, Mansour AT, Ahmed MH, Zahran SM, Alnemr TM, et al. Effect of an essential oil blend on dairy cow performance during treatment and post-treatment periods. Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 12(1): 9123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219123
[17] Barbizan M, Valente EEL, Damasceno ML, Lopes SA, Tanaka E de S, Barros CP Junior, et al. Balanced protein/energy supplementation plan for beef cattle on tropical pasture. Livestock Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 241:104211. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104211
[18]
Rodrigues de Castro ÍR, de Carvalho Reis G, Lima Maciel D. Influência da suplementação lipídica no desempenho de vacas leiteiras mantidas a pasto. Revista Ciencia Animal [Internet]. 2020 [citado 2025, sept. 05];30(2):80-93. Disponible en: https://revistas.uece.br/index.php/cienciaanimal/article/view/9603
[19] Chahinian M. Suplementación estratégica durante el periparto en vacas lecheras: efectos sobre el balance energético [Tesis de pregrado, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina] [Internet]. 2020 [citado, 2025 sept. 01]. Disponible en: https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/handle/123456789/19692
[20] Oyebade A, Lifshitz L, Lehrer H, Jacoby S, Portnick Y, Moallem U. Saturated fat supplemented in the form of triglycerides decreased digestibility and reduced performance of dairy cows as compared to calcium salt of fatty acids. Animal [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05];14(5):973-982. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119002465
[21] Meyer J, Daniels S, Grindler S, Tröscher J, Alaedin M, Frahm J, et al. Effects of a dietary l-carnitine supplementation on performance, energy metabolism and recovery from calving in dairy cows. Journal Animals [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 10(2), 342. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020342
[22] Torres Posadas JH. Comparación de tres tipos de ensilaje (maíz, sorgo, y caña de azúcar) en la producción de leche: revisión de literatura [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Nacional Agraria de Honduras, Catacamas, Hondura] [Internet]. 2020 [citado, 2025 sept. 01]. Disponible en: https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6828
[23] Western M, de Souza J, Lock A. Effects of commercially available palmitic and stearic acid supplements on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Diary Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 103(6):5131-5142. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17242
[24] Zahoor M, Khan A, Xiao J, Dou J, Liu L, Yu Y. Overview of folic acid supplementation alone or in combination with vitamin b12 in dairy cattle during periparturient period. Metabolites [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 10(6), 263. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10060263
[25] Zhang F, Nan X, Wang H, Zhao Y, Guo, & Xiong B. Effects of propylene glycol on negative energy balance of postpartum dairy cows. Animals [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025, Sept. 05]; 10(9), 1526. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091526
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