Trastornos
alimentarios que repercuten en el desempeño deportivo
Segundo Víctor Medina Paredes.[1], =
Julio
Alfonso Mocha Bonilla.[2], =
María
Teresa Naranjo Reino.[3], =
& Angélica Fernanda Loz=
ada
Tuarez.[4]
Recibido: 10-02-2019 / Revisado: 15-02-2019 /Acept=
ado:
04-03-2019/ Publicado: 14-06-2019
There are several aspects that involve the training of athletes, wit=
hin
which nutrition is vital, however, it has now been identified that anorexia=
and
bulimia nervosa are the eating disorders that have the greatest effect on
people who practice sport. The objective of this study is to identify the m=
ain
eating disorders that affect performance in individual and collective sport=
s,
therefore, a quali-quantitative methodology was
developed to understand how eating disorders affect individual and collecti=
ve
sports; the study included 52 teenagers whose ages range from 14 to 18 year=
s,
two groups were established depending on the type of sport: individual sport
(n:26) and sports collectively (n:26), the instrument for collecting
information was a structured questionnaire. The numerical data of the direct
actors through the analysis and interpretation of the data have made it
possible to draw conclusions and propose alternative solutions for sportsmen
and women with eating disorders, while at the same time preventing future
problems for those who are vulnerable to these eating disorders.
Resumen.
Existen varios aspectos que implican la
formación de los deportistas, dentro de los cuales la nutrición es vital, s=
in
embargo, en la actualidad se ha identificado que la anorexia y la bulimia
nerviosa son los trastornos alimentarios que tienen mayor efecto en las
personas que practican deporte. El objetivo del presente estudio es identif=
icar
los principales trastornos alimenticios que afectan el rendimiento en los
deportes individuales y colectivos, por tanto, se desarrolló una metodologí=
a cuali–cuantitativa que permita comprender como afecta=
n los
trastornos alimentarios en los deportes individuales y colectivos; en el
estudio participaron 52 adolescentes deportistas cuyas edades oscilan entre=
14
a 18 años, se establecieron dos grupos en función del tipo de práctica depo=
rtiva:
deporte individual (n:26) y deportes colectivamente (n:26), el instrumento =
de
recolección de la información fue un cuestionario estructurado. Los datos
numéricos de los actores directos a través del análisis e interpretación de=
los
datos han permitido llegar a obtener conclusiones y plantear alternativas de
solución para los deportistas que atraviesan problemas de trastornos
alimenticios, a su vez prevenir futuros problemas a quienes se encuentren
vulnerables con dichas afectaciones alimentarias.
Palabras claves:
Trastornos alimentarios, desempeño, deportes, adolescentes.
Introduction.
The practice of certain
sports, especially those of a feminine nature, are considered as a
"profession of risk" since it demands to be very "thin",
since a greater incidence in Eating Disorders is recognized (Dosil Díaz, 2012). More than 60% of professional
sportswomen experience the so-called Eating Disorders, whose obsession with
losing weight and improving their figure leads to several pathologies.
The context in which
competitive sport is developed, requires meeting a series of demands that a=
re
oriented towards perfectionism of the body. The combination trainer - sport=
sman
focused on the quantity of muscular mass has given way to training based on
quality. The scientific progress linked to sport and physical activity has =
been
achieved through sports medicine specialists, physiologists, physiotherapis=
ts,
sports psychologists, anthropometrists and
nutritionists to improve people's sports performance by applying personalised training plans (Martínez, 2012), prescri=
ption
of exercises and recommended dietary supplementation (García, 2019).
Food is important in the w=
orld
of sport, not only as a factor that covers energy and nutritional needs, bu=
t as
an effective tool that leads to optimal sports performance. This means that=
, as
in all activity and sport, good nutrition leads to good physical performanc=
e (Blasco, 2013), while a sedentary lifestyle is one of =
the
enemies of good health and quality of life (Mocha Bonilla, 2018). There are
several measures to take into account to optimize physical-sports performan=
ce,
adequate physical preparation, invisible training, psychological preparatio=
n,
restorative rest, balanced nutrition leaving aside the consumption of
aggressive food, known as junk food (Utrera, 2018).
At present there is a grow=
ing
interest in society to maintain the cult of his body, focused on the use of
low-fat diets (Gonzalez, 2019), this leads to the growing success of gyms,
beauty centers, dietetic foods or known as light, plastic surgeries, among
others, which are clear manifestations to maintain a good body shape. This
phenomenon, undoubtedly, has positive aspects because they point out the
concern of the collectivity for healthy models for women (Izquierdo
Miranda, 2013); This leads to the growth of the practice of physical activi=
ties
and a correct intake of nutrients that help eradicate overweight and obesit=
y,
however, there is also the appearance of negative factors such as the extre=
me
cult of the body, there are those who are obsessed, promoting a perennial
dissatisfaction that constitutes the origin of serious pathologies (Grandjean, 1991), ie eati=
ng
disorders (TCA) are characterized by a persistent alteration of behavior
related to the fact of eating that negatively impacts on health (Candela,
2018).
Certainly there are sports
considered high risk as well as athletes with eating disorders in almost all
sports disciplines, especially occurs and affects the female sex (Behar, 20=
12),
on the other hand (Galilee, 2012) denies that there is evidence of the
relationship sport - eating behavior disorder, however, specialists in eati=
ng
disorders believe that in recent times there is a progressive increase in t=
he
number of cases, some even call it a "silent epidemic; There is talk of
"carrier girls" (Morandé, 2015), women
between the ages of 15 and 25 with a medium socioeconomic level, a populati=
on
at high risk of acquiring anorexia (Grandjean, =
1991),
teenagers who are obsessed with aesthetics and food, and that these in turn=
can
cause other people in their environment to become ill.
Since the sixties, with an
emphasis on the seventies, studies on anorexia have been disseminated; this
points to a marked interest on the part of scholars such as (Hilde, 2003) a=
nd (Turón, 2012) who point out the relevance of eating
disorders and the drawbacks in metabolism, while Russell, (2010) tried to
simplify the so-called biological trends that emphasized the role played by=
the
hypothalamus in the origin of the disease, combining the psychological and
sociological; researchers such as Garfinkel and Garner take anorexia nervos=
a as
a disease of complex pathology, with clinical manifestations resulting from
several triggers (Tobal, 2002), according to cu=
rrent
diagnostic criteria, anorexia nervosa is a modern disease, whose central as=
pect
is in the fear of gaining weight (Rutsztein, 20=
17) in
addition its manifestations affect the image of the body and harmonious dev=
elopment
(Gonzalez, 2018).
Undoubtedly, the eating
disorders to which athletes are more prone are anorexia and bulimia nervosa,
where there is a significant growth of attitudes and behaviors associated w=
ith
such alterations, appears an overvaluation towards excessive concern for bo=
dy
volume, as well as attitudes aimed at reducing body weight through exercise,
accompanied by so-called restrictive diets which are associated with diseas=
es
of eating behavior (Toro, 2016); According to the researchers Resch, (2013),
Sánchez Molina, Ibáñez Salmerón and García, Pér=
ez-Carro (2011) there is a variation in prevalence from =
62%
with affectation in more than 90% in teenagers preferably women, while Costill and Wilmore (2012) consider a 50% prevalence =
for
elite sportswomen (Williams, 2002).
The society in which thinn=
ess
is valued, it is complicated to carry out an objective examination of
nutritional habits and calorie intake (Lozano, 2019), certain sportsmen try=
to
control their weight through intense exercise, leading to nutritional probl=
ems
in women who participate in athletics and dance (Garfinkel, 2011) as well a=
s in
gymnastics, trampoline, figure skating, because in these activities the body
image becomes part of a subjective judgment (Teitz,
2013), Similar cases occur in long-distance runners and volleyball players =
Squire,
(2011) and Finch, (2012), with which there is evidence of female athletes w=
ho
have nutrition problems in sports disciplines (Toro, 2012), so that despite=
the
dizzying weight loss in athletes, almost never accept having been on a diet=
, in
any case, eating disorders reduce performance, because they overvalue physi=
cal
appearance and thinness as a stereotyped aesthetic value (Rosas, 2010).
Studies carried out on eat=
ing
behavior try to conceive it from an integral perspective, taking into accou=
nt biological,
psychological and cultural characteristics; a behaviou=
ral
change in their habits towards weight loss, making them aware of dietary
restriction and promoting physical activity; since weight gain leads to an
increase in the risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases (González, 2019=
),
from coronary diseases to those known as metabolic diseases. According to the Diagnostic and Statist=
ical
Manual of Mental Disorders, FIFTH EDITION (DSM-5) of the American Psycholog=
ical
Association (2017), eating disorders are related to anorexia and bulimia
nervosa; anorexia nervosa (AN) describes the eating disorder, with impulsive
and compulsive facets that contribute to variations in compulsive purging,
restrictive eating and maladaptive cognitions (Brooks, 2019), bulimia nervo=
sa
(BN) is characterized by deregulated food intake, which can cause a homeost=
atic
imbalance (Grethe, 2019) while sports or athlet=
ic
anorexia is defined as a state that has prevalence among sportswomen and is
characterized by the appearance of an intense fear of improving their weigh=
t,
even if thin.
One of the main reasons wh=
y it
was decided to conduct this study was to find high data and rates of young
people with Anorexia Nervosa 1 per 100,000 people per year, while Bulimia
Nervosa presents 11.4 per 100,000 people per year, high-risk groups whose
combined prevalence rate for Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and obesity =
is
present in adolescents (Plaza, 2014).
From this, it is estimated a prevalence in adolescents who present
symptoms of eating disorders and the exaggerated interest in body weight
(Rodríguez Martín, 2011), based on the supporting literature the objective =
of
the study is to identify the main eating disorders that affect performance =
in
individual and collective sports according to gender.
Methodology.
A descriptive cross-sectional study of observation=
al
type was carried out; it was cross-sectional because the variable was studi=
ed
in a single moment and in a determined time, descriptive because it allowed=
to
describe the eating disorders within a selected sample, and observational
because the study does not require a later follow-up, because it is of
analytical type since the data of the variable was collected and simultaneo=
usly
obtained results of interest in the defined sample.
Participants: We worked with= 52 adolescents who play sports, whose ages are between 14 and 18 years, which = were selected by random sampling, then we established two groups depending on the type of sport: individual sport (26 athletes) and for sports collectively (= 26 athletes). Eating habits in both groups were analysed<= /span> using a structured questionnaire.<= o:p>
Instrument:
In order to
collect data, a field work was carried out, whose supporting evidence and
information were directly collected at the scene of the events, training in=
the
different sports disciplines. The instrument used to obtain the data was the
questionnaire aimed at obtaining information on eating disorders, which
included nine questions.
Protocol:
We went to the
sports facilities in the province of Tungurahua where adolescents practice =
the
sports of their preference, both individual and collective, establishments
where a random sampling was carried out taking into account the sports with=
the
greatest number of people, in the same way we selected the best known and
practiced sports in the socio-sports environment, whose working hypothesis =
aims
to determine the presence of eating disorders in adolescent sportsmen accor=
ding
to gender and the type of sport they practice.
Fi=
gure
1. Classification of athletes
Source: Prepared by the authors.
In Figure 1. T=
wo
groups are observed depending on the type of sports practice; for individual
sports 26 participants and for collective sports 26 participants. Thus, the
groups have not been biased in order to know in which group eating disorders
predominate.
Fi=
gure
2. <=
/span>Data Collection in Individual
Sports.
Source: Prepared by the authors.
In the figure 2
corresponding to the individual sports, in the group of individual athletes=
it
is observed that 2 participants do not adopt a nutritional plan, while 24
participants do adopt a nutritional plan; on the other hand 8 participants =
have
not undergone periods of fasting, while 18 participants have undergone peri=
ods
of fasting; in turn, 7 participants have not undergone compulsive diets, so=
19
participants have undergone compulsive diets.
Figure 3. Data
collection in Collective Sports.
Source: Prepared by the authors=
.
In the figure 3 correspond=
ing
to group sports, in the group of sportsmen as a whole it is observed that 7
participants if they adopt a nutritional plan, while 19 participants do not
adopt a nutritional plan; on the other hand 17 participants have not underg=
one
periods of fasting, while 9 participants have undergone periods of fasting;=
in
turn, 22 participants have not undergone compulsive diets, so 4 participant=
s if
they have undergone compulsive diets.
Figure 4. Survey applied to the group of women.
Source: Prepared by the authors=
.
Figure 4. It shows the data from the survey applied to the group of
women it is observed that 15 women do not train on the basis of a nutrition
plan, while 11 women do train on the basis of a nutrition plan; while 16 wo=
men
mention not having received nutrition talks and 10 claim to have received
nutrition talks; in turn 17 women do not know the main eating disorders and=
9
women claim to know about these disorders; while 10 women mention that they=
do
not suffer from bulimia or anorexia nervosa and 16 affirm that they suffer =
from
eating disorders; in relation to the requirement of a professional nutritio=
nist
2 women are mentioned negatively, while 24 women affirm that a professional
nutritionist is indispensable in sport; finally 4 women consider that the n=
utritionist
does not help to improve sports performance, while 22 women consider that t=
he
nutritionist will improve sports performance.
Figure 5. Survey applied to the group of men.
Source: Prepared by the authors=
.
Figure 5 shows the data from the survey applied to the group of men
where 22 men mention they do not train based on a nutrition plan, while 8 m=
en
say they train based on a nutrition plan; 18 men mention they have not rece=
ived
nutrition talks and 8 say they have received nutrition talks; 23 men in tur=
n do
not know the main eating disorders and 3 men say they know about the disord=
ers;
while 24 men mention that they do not suffer from bulimia or anorexia nervo=
sa
and 2 say that they suffer from eating disorders; in relation to the
requirement of a professional nutritionist, 2 men are mentioned negatively,
while 24 men state that it is indispensable to have a professional nutritio=
nist
in sport; finally, 3 men consider that the nutritionist does not help to im=
prove
sports performance, while 23 men consider that the nutritionist will improve
sports performance.
Figure 6 COMPARATION BETWEEN GRO=
UPS
Source: Prepared by the authors=
.
=
Figure 6. Shows a comparison between study groups =
for analyzing
eating disorders in both men and women, statistical analyses are shown belo=
w.
=
=
In the first instance, normality tests were perfor=
med,
which determined that the data do not present a normality.
=
|
|
||||||
|
|
Kolmogorov-Smirnova |
Shapiro-Wilk |
||||
|
Statistics |
gl
Sig. |
Statistics |
gl
Sig. |
|||
|
have submit=
ted
to compulsive diets |
,389 |
52 |
,000 |
,623 |
52 |
,000 |
|
has undergo=
ne
periods of fasting |
,359 |
52 |
,000 |
,635 |
52 |
,000 |
|
always adop=
ts a
nutritional plan |
,359 |
52 |
,000 |
,635 |
52 |
,000 |
|
a. Co=
rrection
of the meaning of Lilliefors |
Source: Prepared by the authors.
=
Since there is no normality in the statistical data
carried out by means of the kolmogorov-smirnov =
test,
which shows a significance value of ,000
in the three cases, a test was applied for independent nonparametric samples
with a significance level of 5% equivalent to the value p < 0.05, which =
are
shown in tables 1 and 2 respectively.
|
|
||||
|
|
=
Gender |
N |
average range |
Sum of ranges |
|
=
have
submitted to compulsive diets |
=
men |
26 |
19,00 |
494,00 |
|
=
women |
26 |
34,00 |
884,00 |
|
|
Total |
52 |
|
|
|
|
=
has
undergone periods of fasting |
=
men |
26 |
18,50 |
481,00 |
|
=
women |
26 |
34,50 |
897,00 |
|
|
Total |
52 |
|
|
|
|
=
always
adopts a nutritional plan |
=
men |
26 |
19,50 |
507,00 |
|
=
women |
26 |
33,50 |
871,00 |
|
|
Total |
52 |
|
|
Source: Prepared by the authors.
|
|
|||
|
|
have submitted to compulsive diets |
has undergone periods of fasting |
always adopts a nutritional plan |
|
U de Mann-Whitney |
143,000 |
130,000 |
156,000 |
|
W de Wilcoxon |
494,000 |
481,000 |
507,000 |
|
Z |
-4,198 |
-4,408 |
-3,857 |
|
Sig. asintót.
(bilateral) |
,000 |
,000 |
,000 |
|
a. Grouping
variable: Gender. |
Source: Prepared by the authors.
Decision:=
For
the three cases analyzed the level of bilateral significance is 0.000 there=
fore
there are significant differences for the three case studies, therefore it =
can
be concluded that if there are significant differences between men and wome=
n,
there is greater incidence in individual sports.
Conclusions.
Currently anorexia and bulimia nervosa are present with greater
incidence in the female gender, which is confirmed in the research with
emphasis on women athletes, because the advertising networks present a
remarkable motivation towards the aesthetic, society is increasingly promot=
ing
beauty and thinness which leads to eating disorders, a problem that can have
serious sequelae in the functioning of the body, therefore women athletes t=
oday
are identified as a population at high risk for acquiring eating disorders =
due
to social pressures.
Of the results obtained it is highlighted that the sportsmen if they
practice compulsive diets being more predominant in the group of women, rea=
son
why they have more influence of the excessive care of the corporal image and
the aesthetics, this personal care combined with the sport leads to present
eating disorders, reason why it is of sum important to manage balanced diets
with a professional nutritionist.
As far as the alimentary conducts carried out by the young people are
cited characteristics like: to adopt diets of slimming not foreseen nor
advised, worse still controlled by professionals, this harms the state of
health and the level of performance in the trainings and sport competitions,
the evidences show the presence of altered alimentary conducts that are giv=
en
with greater frequency in adolescent women having an incidence of compulsive
diets and periods of fasting especially in the individual sports.
Finally, relatives close to sportsmen and women have a fundamental r=
ole
to play in the integral formation of sportsmen and women, they must provide
support in balanced nutrition; on the other hand, sports coaches must motiv=
ate
in a positive way in order to raise awareness about the importance of an
adequate eating behavior that entails valid nutrients for an organism under
training conditions; the same sportsman and woman must be aware of eating i=
n an
adequate manner depending on the type of sport he or she performs in order =
to
avoid disorders that damage his or her performance and limit his or her hea=
lth.
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PARA CITAR EL ARTÍCULO INDEXADO.
El artículo que se
publica es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y no necesariamente
reflejan el pensamiento de la Revi=
sta
Ciencia Digital.
[1] Unive=
rsidad
Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación, Carrera =
de
Cultura Física y Pedagogía de la Actividad Física y Deporte. Ambato, Ecuado=
r. sv.medina@uta.edu.ec
[2] Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias
Humanas y de la Educación, Carrera de Cultura Física y Pedagogía de la
Actividad Física y Deporte. Ambato, Ecuador. ja.mocha@uta.edu.ec
[3] Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias
Humanas y de la Educación, Carrera de Cultura Física y Pedagogía de la
Actividad Física y Deporte. Ambato, Ecuador. mt.naranjo@uta.edu.ec
[4] Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación, Carrera de Cultura Física y Pedagogía de la Actividad Física y D= eporte. Ambato, Ecuador. af.lozada@uta.edu.ec
www.cienciadigital.org =
Vol.
3, N°2, p. 78-97, abril - junio, 2019