The impact of english as global language for trading between china =
and
south american enterprises.
Edison Gerardo Llerena Medina.[1]
|
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v2i2.118<= /span> |
English is becoming the dominant language. Its goa=
l is
to enhance the fields around the planet bringing the American culture and
literature, as well as participate in trading because English is so widely
spoken, it has been referred as the world language. Even though, it is not
the official language in most countries, it is taught as a foreign language=
in
many other countries. It is the language for maritime and aeronautics,
medicine, research as well as the language for business used by internation=
al organizations
and enterprises.
The objective of the article is to broadly analyze=
the
relationships between Asian countries and Latin America, focusing on the
tighten economic relationship between them countries during the last few ye=
ars.
Latin America has been a region traditionally under the US hegemony, but
recently, it has awaken and is looking for further treatments with a China.
This paper pretends to analyze the impact of the English Language which is =
used
when signing up business treatments between them.
Keywords:
business, Global Language, Trading
agreements, Culture, communication
El inglés se está convirtiendo en el idioma dominante=
. Su
objetivo es mejorar los campos en todo el planeta trayendo la cultura y la
literatura estadounidense, así como participar en los negocios, porque el
inglés es ampliamente hablado, se lo conoce como el "idioma mundial&qu=
ot;.
Aunque no es el idioma oficial en la mayoría de los países, se lo enseńa co=
mo
idioma extranjero en muchos otros países. Es el lenguaje para la industria
marítima y aeronáutica, medicina, investigación, así como el lenguaje para =
los
negocios utilizado por organizaciones y empresas internacionales.
El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar ampliam=
ente
las relaciones entre los países asiáticos y América Latina, centrándose en =
la
estrecha relación económica entre los países en los últimos ańos. América
Latina ha sido tradicionalmente una región bajo la hegemonía estadounidense,
pero recientemente ha despertado y está buscando nuevos tratados comerciales
con China. Este documento pretende analizar el impacto del idioma inglés qu=
e se
utiliza al registrar tratamientos comerciales entre ellos.
Palabras Claves:
business,
Global Language, Trading agreements, Culture. Communication
Introducción.
These days, Ostler (2005:6)
with the spread of English as the global language, it has been used as ling=
ua
franca in different fields such as education, technology, science, business=
. In
this last aspect, English has been used for global negotiations. English is
considered a recent lingua franca, since England started colonizing from the
end of 16th
century but others existed in the past for example, Sanskrit,
Greek, Arabic, Portuguese and others.
The term Lingua Franca was
considered first as a variety of spoken language along the Mediterranean co=
ast
from the fifteen century. It appeared as a pidgin of the Italian dialects a=
nd
later it included objects from the Arabic, French, Greek, Persian, Portugue=
se,
and other languages from the time. Gorlack (198=
8: 28)
a linguist from Germany, says that structure and lexicon are important item=
s in
a language. The simpler the structure the more people like to use the langu=
age.
Compared to Latin, English is much simpler. Latin has accusative, dative,
genitive, feminine and neuter, but English does not have such features.
It is amazing to see stead=
ily
English has evolved from very small ethnic groups: Angles and Saxons in the=
5th
century to the largest area of speaking. It is slowly but surely spreading =
to
the whole world wide. At the end of the 16th century, there were
approximately between 5 and 7 million people who spoke English in the world.
350 years later, there are more than 300 million people speaking it as
first language, and there are about a billion people who use English as a
second language. Graddol (1997:4) has=
found
that 2 billion people are learning English today.
China has been a powerful
global player in the past, and now with its technology as detailed by Maddi=
son
(1998:5) in earlier work for the OECD Development Centre, it is contributin=
g as
much as nearly a third of world GDP as late as the beginning of the 19th
century. Its recovery over the past decade has been spectacular, creating b=
oth
opportunities and challenges for many other countries, most notably develop=
ing
countries and emerging economies. For Latin America, China looks more like a
trade angel, as it provides an outlet for commodities from the region.
Chinas trade impact on Latin America is, thus, positive; directly, through=
a
boom of exports, and indirectly, through better terms of trade.
Language is defined as a vocal system which is used by human beings to communicate with each other. Thus language is more than communication; its a social action = and functions to express thoughts. In most cases, language is a dominant leader= and ruler of the dependent. People are also dependent on it (Finnegan, 1999).<= o:p>
History
of English as Communication Tool
Since communication became necessary, people start=
ed
to look for and share a common language. According to Crystal (2003:74) a
language which was easy to understand and easily handed. A language which d=
ue
to the number of people who travel and hold on any kind of business in
different parts of the world becomes unique. In this way and under various
circumstances, English has become the Global Language. It is not because of=
the
number of people who speak it as native language (there are about 350 million people around the=
world
speaking English as a first language and more than 430 million people speak=
ing
it as a second language). But why is English so popular, though? And=
why
has it become a global language? Of course there is a History about the
evolution of English as a Globalized Language. Starting with early
civilizations described in the Bible and the book of Genesis in which people
pretended to reach the sky building the highest tower in the world (Babel) =
and
in which God punished them destroying it and starting new languages among w=
hich
there was English.
On the second approach, Northrup (2013:39) relays =
his
analysis based on the literature left and poetry used in Middle English of
Chaucers Canterbury Tales and the spread to different countries. Then other
linguists have put emphasis on the diversity of uses of language such as na=
tive
speaker vs non-native speaker, description vs perception. Until there was a
recent text English One Tongue, Many Voices which explains the variations =
of
language of native speakers in Britain, The United States and British settl=
er
colonies.
In this way Crystal (2003:78) remarks that a langu=
age
does not exist independently. It is because it exists on peoples brains and
mouths and ears and hands. And when it succeeds, on the international stage,
their language succeeds also. That means that the language is a living thing
that exist if a community exists and needs it to interact between its membe=
rs. In the postcolonial world, English is often used
outside the domestic area, discussions of the links between English and Ang=
lo
culture may even seem repulsive. Speakers of Englishin Britain, the United
States, and elsewherediscussions of possible links between English and Ang=
lo
culture may also seem to be best avoided Quirk (et al. 1985:17).
Since then educators started to teach a
Standard English at schools, ruling it especially on pronunciation, vocabul=
ary
and syntax, same as all languages go. According to Cristal (2003:62), a
standardized English writing form became a powerful tool in the hands of
government, church and school in asking the peoples of the British Isles to=
see
themselves as one. On the other hand, migration through slaves or for other
reasons, has caused a mixing of different languages, giving origin to pidgi=
ns
and creoles, which are simplified version of the original language.
Reasons why English is a Global Language.
English is the Business & Finance Language.
From=
the
perspectives described above, English language has turned into a register u=
sed
for political talks or negotiations, and even into a business language.
Scientific and medical researchers also use English according to Crystal
(2003:124). There is the need of a global language, particularly appreciate=
d by
the international academic and business communities. It means that people u=
se
it in lecture rooms and board-rooms as well as it is spread on the biggest =
net
of information (Internet).
Glob=
al trade
is no longer a matter of bilateral arrangements between nations and states,=
it
is also between organizations economically rooted in these states. These
enterprises are called multinational companies. Through the media production
Hollywood has become the leader publisher and producer of films for the wor=
ld,
even though there are a lot of regional film markets in other languages suc=
h as
Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Chinese, Russian, Hindu. A Blockbuster=
is
a movie that makes a lot of profits (more than a billion dollars) for the
producers. Crystal (2003:128) Movies in the early 1910s were still soundles=
s,
but then with the introduction of sounds in the movies, it was English the
language that was added to the production, especially the ones produced by =
Hollywood Studios.
For example, in 1933 appeared the first edition of T=
he
picturegoers whos who and encyclopaedia of the
screen today. Out of 44 studios listed, 32 were American or British (the
others were German and French).
By 1945, English became an=
important
language for communication into the United Nations. As Crystal (2003:83) st=
ates
in his book, The UN has fifty distinct organs and other commissions in which
their members interact using English as the lingua franca. Today English plays an important role =
in the
proceedings of most major international organizations and political parties
such as Association of South East Asian Nations, The Commonwealth, and the
Council of Europe.
Northrup (2013:114) recogn=
izes
that scientific organizations are also using English only, as well as some
sport organizations also use English for their daily activities. In Europe
there are institutions such as The European Academy of Anesthesiology and t=
he
Academy of Facial Surgery, among others, which use English as the lingua
franca. The situation has become serious as more members join the previous =
big
organizations. International Politics operate at different levels and at
different ways, using English as the main language.
Simplicity of the English Language.
Its simplicity,
has become English as the major language used in books, and literature. Eng=
lish
is used for traveling. According to Crystal (2003:136) English speaking
countries are the most affluent regions on this planet, and the amount of
people going abroad on overseas holidays have created the phenomenon of Eng=
lish
being the common language people with different national backgrounds use to
speak with each other. English is the language used for booking a local hot=
el;
restaurant or retail staff members communicate with foreigners and visitors=
in
English.
English has been used in m=
usic
and the cinema, which were two new entertainment technologies for people wh=
ich
emerged at the end of the nineteenth century, the other one was the recordi=
ng
industry. English is the main language used in recording. When Thomas Edison
invented the phonograph, the first recorded words were What God hath wroug=
ht,
then it was followed by the nursery-rhyme Mary had a little lamb. Then,
Gramophone American records appeared introducing the first long-play (LP) d=
isk
in 1948. English was the language used in those songs. Crystal (2003:142)
mentions that radio stations started playing music and the language which w=
as
included was English. They testify the dominance of English in the popular
music scenery. Music was later exported to other countries and when it arri=
ved,
it was entirely in English. Their lyrics became popular and people started
singing their favorite songs.
English is the Language of the Internet!.
According to Unbabel (2017:1) English has
always dominated the web. Even today, its estimated that 55.5% of all web
content is in English. However, around 20% of the worlds population speaks
English at all, and just 5% of the world speaks English as a native languag=
e.
It makes sense. English was the founding language of the web, after all. Pe=
ople
have gone
from being passive consumers of content to active creators of it, while onl=
ine
retailers have increasingly offered personalized content to attract custome=
rs. The importance of the Intern=
et grows
rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and educat=
ion
but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. This imp=
lies
that people have to know how to use Internet services and, as a part of thi=
s,
to read and write English.
Of cours=
e,
the majority of mankind are not able to use the Internet nowadays or in the
near future, since they live in countries which lack the necessary economical and technological infrastructure. Northrup
(2013:119) mentions that the Internet causes polarization in developed
countries, too: people are divided into Internet users and Internet
illiterates, and as the use of the Internet grows and often replaces
traditional methods of communication, the illiterates may find themselves i=
n an
awkward position.
It is no longer lasting the idea of a global language dominance unle=
ss
one authority could define an official language for the Internet. The Inter=
net
as a whole is not controlled by anyone or anything, and this could only cha=
nge
if, by miracle, all countries made an agreement on it or if the entire world
were taken to the control of one government.
Speaking Fluent English Denotes a Certain Social
Status.
Lang=
uage
learning is associated with a range of factors including age, gender, learn=
ing
strategies, sex, intelligence, motivation, anxiety level and the last is
learning style. As Willis (2008:7) states that the more your child knows ab=
out
the way she learns best, the more insight, strategies, and self-awareness s=
he will
have to use her learning strengths to achieve her greatest potential as a
joyful learner. With this tool people are offered jobs and business
opportunities in China and other developing nations, as well as in a native
English speaking country.
Language is instinctively a
symbol of status in the global society because of the image it projects
forehead. Crystal (2003:169) menti=
ons
for example if someone speaks with an intricate and broken English, he will
appear as a not well educated person, but if a person who talks largely in a
well spoken language, including no mistakes and dressing perfectly, he will
appear as a rich person. It gives a social standing which is preferred by
business people, or people who are involved in the commerce area.
The 21st century
has witnessed a revolution in the use of mobile phones, emails and Internet.
Then English communication has become a necessity to stand out of the world.
English has also become the language of air transport, shipping and the lea=
ding
language of science and technology. Accord=
ing to
a research conducted by Stockinger (2001:14), secretaries, for instance, are
expected to be able to hold telephone conversations in English while
technicians have to be able to read technical literature in English.=
Education .
Through the expansion of t=
he
new theories of teaching, and especially the development of new areas of
science and technology, Macaro (2017:2) argues =
that
it has been necessary to find a common language to disseminate knowledge
throughout the world. Since the 1960s English has become a normal medium of
instruction in higher education for many countries, and Ecuador could not be
away from this real situation. People need to be in contact with the latest
breakthroughs in science and technology as well as the new advances in
medicine.
English language teaching
(ELT) business has become one of the major growth industries around the wor=
ld
in the past half-century. In conclusion English will retain its role as the
dominant language in the world media and communications. English is essenti=
al
for progress as it will provide the main means of access to high-tech
communication and information over the next 25 years. Nowadays, there are s=
till
some barriers between people from different countries, but more and more pe=
ople
are learning English and using it as a Lingua Franca. An example of this is
people from Latin America, and people from China. English is been spread
rapidly because they need it a language for trading and holding on treatmen=
ts.
Perhaps the existence of
English as a global language for commerce is a product of the imperialism (=
Panimal, 2013: 4). It has become an international lan=
guage
which bridges cultures and language barriers. Hopefully, someday English wi=
ll
eliminate all communication boundaries worldwide.
Advertising.
At the end of the nineteen=
th
century, advertising increased dramatically especially with the mass produc=
tion
of goods. In 1893, McClures Magazine, Cosmopolitan and Munseys Magazine
adopted the tactic to promote different products. A ten-cent magazine was very common and pub=
lished
for many years. Then advertising became a norm. Later some magazines dedica=
ted
to produce at least half of the magazine in color. Crystal (2003:197) Until=
now
we have supplements of the principal newspapers which accompany including
colorful pictures. During the nineteenth century the advertising slogan bec=
ame
a feature of the medium, it pays to advertise itself became a US Slogan in
the 1920s. many products have become an international brand now and still k=
eep
their advertisements almost the same, such as Coca Cola, Kodak and Kellogg.=
The Economical Rise of China .
According to Lopez (2017:6)
the first fact he mentions is the increasing relevance of Latin Americas
economy. It has woken up an especial interest by Asian Countries and the
Chinese market. These countries are interested in having business agreements
with Latin American Countries (LAC). Latin America is geographically distant
from Chinese territory and therefore no wars or disputes between these two
groups of people could happen, so on the contrary, they both have developed=
a
good relationship.
The second historical fact=
to
be considered is Chinese immigration to Latin America in the 19th
century. They were employed especially in sugar plantation, mining, railway
construction. LAC received also some Japanese immigrants by the same time. =
Hearn, (2013:8)
recalls the rise of China compared to Latin American countries. These
countries have developed certain reforms, particularly in the area of
infrastructure. According to Santiso, (2009:5) =
Latin
America serves as implicit recognition triangular relationship among Chin=
a,
the United States and Latin America in which the interests and actions of e=
ach
party in the region were acknowledged to potentially affect the others.
This interaction, will hel=
p to
countries of Latin America and also will contribute to the develop and
expansion of the English as the global language. Tokatlian (2009:17) L=
atin
America, China, and the United States: a Hopeful Triangle, the brief essay.
Chinas economic boom represents a major global change. Over the last few
years, China has expanded by leaps and bounds and become both a threat to a=
nd
an opportunity for emerging markets. Its growing demand for raw materials i=
s at
the same time a bonanza and a challenge for developing countries.
Growing Relations between China and Latin America.=
Ellis (2011:16) mentions t=
he
link between China and Latin America really took off from the late 1990s but
only began to attract significant global attention with the visit of the
Chinese president, Hu Jintao, to several Latin American countries and to the
summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Forum, held in Chile in 2004. It was not
until 2008 that the Chinese government issued its first policy paper on Lat=
in
America and the Caribbean. The most striking evidence of Chinas growing
involvement in Latin America is the increased level of bilateral trade. Bet=
ween
1999 and 2008, total trade (exports plus imports) increased almost twelvefo=
ld to
US$ 150 billion.
Similarly, Chinese aid, in=
the
form of grants or concessionary loans, has not been very significant in Lat=
in
America. This is in marked contrast to Africa, where China has become a maj=
or
donor. Ganeshan (2012:14) points out the loser =
economic
ties with Latin America have been accompanied by stronger political links.
China has signed strategic partnership agreements with Venezuela (2001),
Mexico (2003) and Argentina (2004), in addition to an earlier agreement with
Brazil (1993). Over the past five years the number of countries in the regi=
on
that recognize the PRC has increased with the establishment of diplomatic
relations with Dominica (2004), Grenada (2005) and Costa Rica (2007).
Lopez (2009:18) says that
Chinese economic relations with Latin America are concentrated on obtaining
natural resources and sending manufactured goods to the region. The majorit=
y of
LAC are becoming important providers of raw materials and energy that are
crucial for Chinas industrialization. For example Brazil exports two-third=
s of
its soy production and ore mineral. Argentina exports 80 % of its soy and
Chilean copper materials are sent to China.
Chinese strategy is becomi=
ng
successful, when stabling its flow of raw materials from Latin America. Chi=
na
and Brazil have subscribed a ten year-credit-oil agreement with Petrobras, =
and
China has given the loan in Advanced to Brazil. Lopez (2009:20) remarks with
this economic background, China appears to be new form of colonialism over
Latin America.
China is an emerging power,
and since 2010 the second leading economic world power, with special
characteristics, due for its population and the strong political regime.
Chinas strategies and business dealings differ according to the Latin Coun=
try
it is held, and with each LA country, China has sign special agreements.
While Asian-Latin America =
FTAs
are relatively of recent origin, there has been an expansion of FTA activity
between 2004 and 2012. The leader among the South American countries has be=
en
Chile (7 FTAs), followed by Peru (4 FTAs) and Panama (2). It is important to
recall here that not only China has sign agreements, but also Taipei,
Singapore, India, Japan and Korea have some treatments. On the other hand, =
it
is difficult to measure how much a countrys economy is covered by FTA
provisions because of exceptions and exclusions contained in many agreement=
s.
Chinas access to Latin
American markets has been a source of conflict, particularly in the more
industrialized countries of the region. Local manufacturers have complained
that they are adversely affected by Chinese competition, and this has led to
anti-dumping measures being taken against Chinese goods.
Analysis.
The expansion of English a
lingua franca, has helped on the expansion of borders, and the economically
powerful countries have signed agreements for trading goods at different
levels. Government enterprises as well as private enterprises are now conne=
cted
through agreements which are written in the lingua franca, even though each
country manages a different language of communication.
Chinas rapid economic gro=
wth
and increased openness has been one of the most significant developments in=
the
global economy over the past three decades. This re-emergence of China dates
from the late 1970s, when Deng Xiaoping began the process of reform and eco=
nomic
opening. While Latin America entered a decade of economic stagnation in the
1980s, China was starting a period of rapid economic growth. Since 1980 the
Chinese economy has grown at almost 10 per cent per annum, and as a result =
per
capita income has increased sevenfold. China is now poised to overtake Japa=
n as
the second-largest economy in the world, behind the United States.
Lopez (2017:4) mentions th=
at
it is easy to find analysts, commentators and policymakers in Asia and Latin
America voicing concerns about the emergence of the PRC and claiming that t=
he
PRC is adversely affecting direct investment flows into their economies. In
November 2002, Singaporean Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (who has s=
ince
become Prime Minister) stated, Southeast Asian countries are under intense
competitive pressure, as their former activities, especially labor-intensive
manufacturing, have migrated to the PRC. One indicator of this massive shif=
t is
the fact that China has signed many agreements with south American Countries
for business, according to KOTRA
=
=
Taken from: Free Trade Agreements in So=
uth
America. Trends, prospects and challenges)
Conclusion.
ˇ
=
The
2008 global financial crisis affected also to South American countries. It =
made
the necessity to look for cooperation and relationship between other econom=
ies.
LACs started relationship with Asian countries since early 2000s. Private
sector and government companies signed some agreements after a long study
period, pretending to tear down barriers across countries. Then, since 2000=
s,
inter-regional FTAs were hold on. Most of them worked perfectly and fitted
necessities, while other FTAs are still under process of stabilization and
negotiation.
ˇ
The growth of China has had both direct and
indirect impacts on Latin America and the Caribbean. These are often complex
and difficult issues to analyze from recent changes which have affected the
region. They have also created winners and losers both in terms of countries
and of sectors and groups within countries.
ˇ
The main challenge for Latin American and
Caribbean policy makers is how to respond to the increased competitive stre=
ngth
of China. This is not only an issue for those countries such as Mexico, whi=
ch
face competition from China in export markets, but for all countries as the=
ir
domestic markets are increasingly subjected to competition from Chinese
imports. There will be pressures to respond through protectionist measures
against imports from China
ˇ
and where evidence exists of dumping by expo=
rters,
this is justified.
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El
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necesariamente reflejan el pensamiento de la Revista Ciencia Digital.
El articulo queda en propiedad de la
revista y, por tanto, su publicación parcial y/o total en otro medio tiene =
que
ser autorizado por el director de la Revista
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www.cienciadigital.org
Vol. 2, N°2, p. 54=
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Abril - Junio, 2018