Diseño ergonómico de un puesto de trabajo de bod=
eguero
en una papelería con exposición al levantamiento y traslado de cargas
Ergonomic design of a warehouse workstation in a
stationery store with risk exposure due to lifting and moving loads
Lourdes Jeannette Muyulema
Morales1, Manolo Alexander Córdova Suárez2, Juan Pa=
blo
Muquinche Puca3, Enrique Mauricio Barreno Avila4
|
Abstract.
Introduction. The deterioration of=
the
health of people who occupy handicraft positions, such as the reception a=
nd
dispatch of warehouse materials in stationery stores, is an inevitable
phenomenon that forces us to overcome multiple challenges using the
application of ergonomic techniques for the design of work stations. Objective. This work is about t=
he
ergonomic design of a work station with risk exposure to lifting and movi=
ng
of cargo within the sales area of a stationery store. Methodology. To perform a signifi=
cant
analysis of variables using Snook and Ciriello tables (ISO 11228). The st=
udy
began with the identification of the elements susceptible to modification
using field observation. Then, a study was made to compare the significant
variables of the result of risk level for manipulation and transfer of lo=
ads
considering: postures and the characteristics of the lifting. Finally, the
design was established considering modifications of the work plan in the
reception and dispatch of materials. Results. The results indicate
that for a warehouse dispatcher's work station, which handles a maximum
weight of 17kg, it should be decreased by 3% to reach the maximum accepta=
ble
weight of 16.15kg. With a protected population of 90% and a lifting frequ=
ency
of 30 transfer loads per hour, with loads that do not allow adequate grip=
and
keeping the load away from the body and at vertical distances from the fl=
oor
to the hands of 100cm. However, with the use of a reception table with a
height of 100cm, it was possible to eliminate the risk level and improve
postures in all activities exposed to a value of 0.95. Conclusion The final ratio result
obtained under the Snook and Ciriello method, meets the permitted range,
accounting for 15% risk level attenuation. Thus, this improvement allowed=
the
loads’ handling up to a maximum of 18kg.
Keywords: =
Snook
tables, loading, ergonomics, lifting, moving, cargo handling.<=
/span>
|
|
Resumen.
Introducción. El deterioro de la s=
alud
de las personas que ocupan puestos artesanales como en el de recepción y
despacho de materiales de bodega en papelerías es un fenómeno inevitabl=
e que
obliga a superar múltiples desafíos con la aplicación de técnicas erg=
onómicas
de diseño de puestos. Objetivo. Este trabajo realiz=
el
diseño ergonómico de un puesto laboral con exposición al levantamiento=
y
traslado de carga en el área de ventas de una papelería. Metodología. Se realizó un anál=
isis
de significación de variables mediante el uso de las tablas de Snook y
Ciriello (ISO 11228). El estudio empezó con la identificación de los
elementos susceptibles de modificación en el puesto utilizando observaci=
ón de
campo, luego se realizó un estudio de comparación de las variables más
significativas en el resultado del nivel de riesgo por manipulación y
traslado de cargas considerando: posturas y las características del
levantamiento. Finalmente se estableció el diseño considerando modifica=
ciones
del plano de trabajo en la recepción y el despacho de los materiales. Resultados. Se indica que para un
puesto de trabajo de despachador de bodega que manipula un peso máximo de
17kg se debe disminuir un 3% pa=
ra
llegar al peso máximo aceptable de 16,15 kg con una población protegida=
del
90%, una frecuencia de levantamiento de 30 transportes por hora, con carg=
as
que no permiten agarre adecuado y manteniendo la carga alejada del cuerpo=
y a
distancias verticales desde el suelo a las manos de 100cm. De todos modos,
con el uso de una mesa de recepción de 100cm anuló el nivel de riesgo y
mejoró las posturas en todas las actividades con exposición a un valor =
de
0,95. Conclusión. El resultado de la
proporción final del método de Snook y Ciriello, que se encuentra dentr=
o de
lo permitido, obteniendo una mejora del 15% en el nivel de riesgo y
permitiendo manejo de cargas de hasta 18kg.
Palabras
claves: Tablas de Snook, carga, ergonomía, levantamiento, traslado,
manipulación de carga
|
1 Regional Autonomous University of Los Andes, Postgraduate, Ambato, Ec=
uador, pg.lourdesjmm09@uniandes.edu=
.ec, ORCID:
=
0000-0001-7477-2220
Introduction.
The handling and transfer of loads in
artisanal or empirical jobs are neglected by book stores’ employers natio=
nwide (Vargas-Calderòn, 2016=
),
resulting in musculoskeletal disorders that involve hidden costs to business
profits (Cali Proaño, 2014).
Stationery storekeepers’ exposure to
biomechanical overload not only includes load handling activities, but also
traction, pushing and lifting actions (Pavanelli et al., 2020=
).
Besides the flat transportation, there is also short distances moving, eith=
er
by pushing or pulling, increasing
muscular skeletal discomfort (Montoya Díaz et al., 2010=
).
Ergonomics allows adapting the work
actions to a human being, who executes activities related to lifting and mo=
ving
loads (Perrazo et al., 2019).
The load influences in the handling ease, not only due to the weight and
location conditions, but also to its shape, stability and size. (Estrada, 2001).
The use of Snook and Ciriello boards is one of the techniques which analyses
this ergonomics’ field (Snook y Ciriello, 1991)
establishing the maximum acceptable weight and strength values for certain
population percentage under given conditions. The redesign of manual workst=
ations
related to heavy materials’ handling applies to a large percentage of the
working population and it constitutes of a tool to help in the health preve=
ntion
management required by the control entities within each country. ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Asensio
Cuesta</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>71</RecN=
um><DisplayText>(Asensio
Cuesta et al., 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>71&=
lt;/rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app=3D"EN"
db-id=3D"zz00w299a2ez23e52edv9srmvefwdx95s5vs">71</key>&=
lt;/foreign-keys><ref-type
name=3D"Book">6</ref-type><contributors><author=
s><author>Asensio
Cuesta, Sabina</author><author>Bastante Ceca, María
José</author><author>Diego Más, José Antonio</author>&=
lt;/authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluación
ergonómica de puestos de
trabajo</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year&=
gt;</dates><publisher>Editorial
paraninfo</publisher><isbn>8428332673</isbn><urls>&=
lt;/urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Asensio Cuesta et al., 2012).
The aim of redesigning workplaces is to modify cer=
tain
elements avoiding the appearance of muscular-skeletal disorders, especially=
in
the dorsal-lumbar area of the workers’ back. Currently, workplace anthrop=
ometric
measures improve static postures and decrease the overall ergonomic risk le=
vel (Ávila Torres, 2=
013).<=
/p>
Myopathy (muscle
damage) is very common in warehouse activities as it involves lifting loads=
. The
movement of loads in short distances is not only limited to long term
discomfort, but is directly related to accidents caused by slopes and slipp=
ery
floors (Diaz Zavalaga)
. It is common to find high frequency ac=
cident
rates in businesses where their workers handle loads in which translates in=
to
absenteeism and financial losses for their managers (Acevedo González y Yánez Contre=
ras,
2016).
The
evaluation of these jobs and the use of methodological tools are necessary =
to
determine a baseline to improve this risk situation by using the ISO 11228
standard (Becker, 2009)
as a good option for understanding this problem and solving it. As such, so=
me efforts
exceed the tissue resistance. Furthermore, this worker's posture can be imp=
roved
the by changing both the facilities’ layout drawing and the reception area
within the warehouse (Castillo y Ramírez, 2009).
This
work aims to determine in quantitative terms the improvement achieved by
redesigning the warehouse stationery work station. Besides, injuries
and absenteeism percentages are alarming, there is a load handling
instruction book which was created to minimize the risk (García Campana, 2012<=
/span>) besides all efforts done, job rotation=
or job
restrictions do not reflect changes in the results.
Methodology
The
methodology used in redesign the warehouse work station, considers three
defined stages: a) field observation and determination of the variables
necessary under ISO 11228 standards, b) study of significance of work station elements using the Snook =
and
Ciriello method and c) estimation of ergonomic improvement percentage with =
the
modification of facilities’ layout drawings and change of static position=
s for
reception and dispatch of materials workstations within the storage.
Determination
of input variables required by the ISO 11228 standard=
To
use the Snook and Ciriello tables described in this ISO standard, their
applicability is first defined considering these restrictions: handling loa=
ds
equal or greater than 3kg, moderate circulation speeds between 0.1 and 1m/s=
and
working hours limit of 8 hours a day for combined tasks (Martínez Cordovilla, 2018=
).
By
means of field observation, the following parameters were determined: the
number of cycles, the greatest exposure periods and workload, the mass of
object lifted, the reference mass, the transportation frequency and distanc=
e (Jácome Analuisa, 2018=
).
Variables
significance level in lifting and moving loads (Snook y Ciriello)
To
estimate the variables, which influence the final result of lifting and
transferring loads, the Snook and Ciriellomost method was used (Álvarez Casado, 2013<=
/span>)
requiring the following information data:
• Job information:
The job position was identified according to its respective description. In
addition, the company, the department or area and the section where the
evaluation was carried out were described.
• Worker details: The workers’ na=
me, sex,
employee age, the position of seniority, the amount of time in a discomfort=
position
in a day (minimum 10 minutes - maximum 16 minutes) and total working hours a
day (minimum 4 hours - maximum 18 hours).
• Worker's posture: In this section=
, 5
positions were selected, which are: lifting, lowering, pushing, dragging and
transport. Each of these postures was represented with an illustration (Snook & Norma, n.d.).
• Load lifting characteristics: The=
load
average weight (0-60kg), the sex (male/female), and the population percenta=
ge
to be protected (90, 75, 50, 25 and 10) were selected, later the correspond=
ing
frequency (lift/minute or lift/hour) was written down. Subsequently, it is
required to know whether or not the load allows adequate grip, the load is
handled away from the body, compliance with the initial and final height of=
the
load (up to 175cm) and the load width (up to 100cm). Finally, the handling =
area
was determined (from ground level to knuckle height, from knuckle height to=
shoulder
height and from shoulder height to vertical reach of the arms),(Snook & Norma, n.d.).
• Results:
The previously selected method of handling is displayed. In addition to the
load weight configured in kg, the maximum acceptable weight is measured.
Finally, the weight ratio with values of: 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 or more,
with a horizontal color scale (green and red), is recorded with values belo=
w 1 as
acceptable and values above 1 are harmful.
At this research stage, a study is carried out
variable by variable to analyse which is the most significant final result =
regarding
to the Snook and Ciriello method (Romá et al., 19=
89). This
study started by identifying the elements which can be modified at the
workplace: lifting height; lifting distance; load weight, the workplace
unchangeable parts regarding to their characteristics were maintained such =
as lifting
frequency; gender and percentile.
Ergonomic
design proposal
After
conducting the significant study, a modification in the reception and dispa=
tch
warehouse layout drawings was made, the ergonomic risk percentage can be de=
creased
by comparing the initial conditions and endings (Cely Corredor, 2013)
Results y discussion
Result of ISO 11228 standard input variables<=
/o:p>
In
table 1, the ISO elements for the warehouse dispatcher position are shown:<=
o:p>
Table 1. Job Information
|
ITEM
|
Value / Data
|
|
A=
rea
|
Warehouse
|
|
G=
ender
|
Male
|
|
A=
ge
|
46
|
|
L=
ength
of working hours
|
8h
|
|
A=
verage
weight load
|
17kg
|
|
L=
oad
lifting frequency
|
30 lifts/hour
|
|
L=
oad
grip
|
Poor
|
|
L=
oad
width
|
0.6m
|
|
L=
oad
location
|
close to the body
|
|
P=
opulation
to protect
|
90%
|
|
H=
andling
type
|
Transport
|
|
D=
istance
travelled
|
5m
|
|
P=
osition
seniority
|
10 years
|
|
L=
ifting
distance
|
0.1m
|
|
F=
inal
lifting distance
|
1.25m
|
|
M=
aximum
acceptable weight
|
16.15kg
|
|
R=
atio
|
1.05*
|
Note: The
data are the result of the average handling during the peak working time. *=
The
ratio exceeds 1, therefore there is affectation
Table
2 shows the variables significance results of the final risk outcome:<=
/o:p>
Table 2. Risk significance =
of
input elements
|
ITEM
|
Value / D=
ata
|
SIGNIFICA=
NCE
|
|
A=
rea
|
Warehouse=
|
NO=
|
|
G=
ender
|
Male
|
NO=
|
|
A=
ge
|
46=
|
Y=
ES
|
|
L=
ength
of working hours
|
8h=
|
NO=
|
|
A=
verage
weight load
|
17kg
|
NO=
|
|
L=
ifting
frequency
|
30 lifts/=
hour
|
Y=
ES
|
|
L=
oad
Grip
|
poor
|
Y=
ES
|
|
L=
oad
width
|
0.6m
|
NO=
|
|
L=
oad
location
|
Close to =
body
|
NO=
|
|
P=
opulation
to protect
|
90%
|
NO=
|
|
H=
andling
type
|
Tansporta=
tion
|
NO=
|
|
D=
istance
travelled
|
5m=
|
NO=
|
|
P=
osition
seniority
|
10 years<=
/span>
|
NO=
|
|
L=
ifting
distance
|
0.1m
|
NO=
|
|
F=
inal
lifting distance
|
1.25m
|
NO=
|
Note: The
significance is determined by combining the elements until the value of the
final risk outcome changes and the ratio is modified.
Table
3 shows the improvement results obtaine=
d by
considering conveyor belt:
Table 3. Ideal working
conditions
|
Lift heig=
ht
|
Initial r=
atio
|
Final rat=
io
|
% de nivel de riesgo disminuido
|
|
1m=
|
1.1
|
0.94
|
15%*
|
|
1m=
|
1.25
|
N/A
|
Note: * <=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-=
family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-style:i=
talic'>The
calculated decrease percentage takes into account an initial ratio of 0.95.=
The
acceptable weight for this process is 18 kg.<=
/i>
Figure 1 shows both the =
working
position adopted when performing the assigned task and the modifications, w=
hich
are the results from the variables significance study and the workspace
adaptation for working needs. Note that the distance does not influence the
final results, so the collection distance was reduced to 3m from the load r=
eception.
a)&n=
bsp;
Right side initial condition c) Conveyor b=
elt adaptation
=
b)&n=
bsp;
Left side
initial condition
Figure 2. Initial and final conditions for adapt=
ing
the workplace with the new configuration
Conclusions
A 15% decrease in the final ratio of the ISO 112=
28
standard method was achieved with the adoption of a 3m long conveyor belt a=
t a
height of 1m from the floor. The optimal working conditions determine a max=
imum
lifting weight of 18kg with a frequency of 30 lifts/hour and a protected
population of 90%. Thus, the working frequency reduction was not considered=
due
to the supplier trucks arrival frequency at the warehouse, these are invari=
ant
working conditions.
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Yánez Contreras, M. (2016). Costos de los accidentes laborales:
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PARA CITAR EL ARTÍCULO INDEXADO.
Muyulema
Morales, L. J., Muquinche Puca, J. P., Córdova Suárez, M. A., & Barre=
no
Avila, E. M. (2021). Diseño ergonómico de un puesto de trabajo de bodegue=
ro en
una papelería con exposición al levantamiento y traslado de cargas. Anato=
mía
Digital, 4(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.33262/anatomiadigital.v4i1.1481
El artículo que se
publica es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y no necesariamente
reflejan el pensamiento de la Revi=
sta Anatomía
Digital.
El
artículo queda en propiedad de la revista y, por tanto, su publicación pa=
rcial
y/o total en otro medio tiene que ser autorizado por el director de la Revista Anatomía Digital.
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