Recibido:
10-04-2020 / Revisado: 15-05-2020 / Aceptado: 18-06-2020 / Publicado:
03-07-2020
![](3D"06-IdentificadorCatalinaVerduga_archivos/image019.jpg")
=
Identificación de indicadores ambientales relacionado=
s con
el nivel de biodiversidad para determinar el turismo urbano sostenible
utilizando geo tecnologías.=
Estudio de =
caso: Riobamba-Ecuador=
Identification of environmental indicators related to=
the
level of biodiversity to determine sustainable urban tourism using
geotechnologies.<=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times =
New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#212121;border:none;mso-ans=
i-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES'>
Case study
=
Catalina Margarita Verdugo B=
ernal. [1]=
Myriam Isabel Piray Quezada. [2]=
Julia Desiree Velasteguí Cáceres [3] & Mario Geovanni Arias Guanga. [4]
Abstract.
The incidence of
Sustainable City Indicators turns out to be a key element in environmental
management for the cities, which is why the survey of a comprehensive basel=
ine
of sustainability indicators in the city of Riobamba, Ecuador is undertaken=
, as
the continuation of a ranking of cities sustainable, among which data from
Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca are the subject of a previous study (Verdugo, 2=
016).
The measurement was made in the 5 urban parishes of Riobamba, given that the
information is scarce. Eleven variables were collected based on the previous
realization of the environmental component diagnosis in a first phase based=
on
the review and analysis of other systems of global, regional and local
indicators; Afterwards, it was determined that the areas to be studied will=
be
initially, public space and georeferenced vegetation cover and finally those
variables that are decisive in the level of sustainability of the city were
weighted to issue subsequent recommendations to this reality.
Keywords: Tourism
Indicators, Environmental, urban Sustainability, Geotechnologies, urban
biodiversity.
Resumen.
La inciden=
cia de
los Indicadores de Ciudad Sostenible resulta se=
r un
elemento clave en la gestión ambiental de las ciudades, por lo que se reali=
za
la encuesta de una línea de base integral de indicadores de sostenibilidad =
en
la ciudad de Riobamba, Ecuador, como la continuación de un ranking de ciud<=
span
style=3D'border:none'>ades. sostenible, entre los cuales los datos de Quito,
Guayaquil y Cuenca son objeto de un estudio previo (Verdugo, 2016). La medi=
ción
se realizó en las 5 parroquias urbanas de Riobamba, dado que la información=
es
escasa. Once variables fueron recolectadas en b=
ase a
la realización previa del diagnóstico del componente ambiental en una prime=
ra
fase basada en la revisión y análisis de otros sistemas de indicadores
globales, regionales y locales; Posteriormente, se determinó que las áreas a
estudiar serán inicialmente, el espacio público=
y la
cubierta de vegetación georreferenciada y, finalmente, las variables que son
decisivas en el nivel de sostenibilidad de la ciudad fueron ponderadas para
emitir recomendaciones posteriores a esta realidad.
Palabras clave: <=
span
lang=3DES-EC style=3D'mso-ansi-language:ES-EC'>Indicadores de turismo, medio
ambiente, sostenibilidad urbana, geotecnologías, biodiversidad urbana.
Introduction.
During the=
last
decades in the field of environmental management, important efforts have be=
en
made to promote environmental indicators and sustainable
development. At the end of the eighties, Canada and some European countries
began this process; For its part, in Latin America, the first environmental
indicators were assembled in the mid-nineties (Economic Comm<=
/span>ission for=
Latin
America, 2007)
The State
Coordinator of Coffee Producers of Oaxaca, (CEPCO, 2013), reveals that since
the introduction of the idea of sustainable development in the eighties and=
its
subsequent conceptualization as a harmonious triangle between economic grow=
th,
social equity and environmental conservation ,
academic discussions have increased significantly around the path to follow=
to
achieve sustainable development, in the same way, questions have been raised
about the main causes of environmental deterioration and global phenomena that deepen the economic, social and
environmental gaps global, regional and / or local scale.
Organizati=
on of
the United Nations, in the Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban
Development Habitat III, held in the city of Quito in October 2016, essential parameters for the identification of f=
actors
that directly influence the investigative work. It states that the main
indicators related to sustainable development have focused basically on the
environmental factor of sustainability, that is,
environmental indicators have been the most commonly used to assess the sta=
te
of the planet, as well as to observe the differences between the different
regions, countries and cities. However, at the international level, some
indexes have been developed that seek to integr=
ate
the various aspects of sustainable development, such as the Prosperity Index
(Habitat III, 2016)
In Ecuador=
, the
Ministry of the Environment has been working since 2010 on a System of
Environmental Indicators that includes information
for environmental issues such as: Atmosphere and Climate, Soils, Ecosystems,
Marine and Coastal Resources, among others. However, within this system the=
re
are no indicators to assess the state of the environment at the municipal
level, in the same way that there is no informa=
tion
about environmental performance in cities. (MAE, 2010)=
Several ci=
ties
participated on behalf of Ecuador in the construction of the Green Cities I=
ndex
for the Latin American region. According to the data obtained at the time of
the study, the city of Quito is located at a
"Medium" level regarding its environmental sustainability, within=
the
context of the 17 participating cities (Economist
Intelligence Unit, 2010)
Within this
panorama, this research proposes to identify information that will allow the future to determine indicators for
environmental sustainability linked to the increase of biodiversity in the =
city
of Riobamba, which will ecologically describe the state of sustainability in
which it is located and allow to route an integ=
ral
conservation process for the future.
The main
objective of this study is to: Assess environmental indicators related to t=
he
level of biodiversity for the urban sustainability of Riobamba and this was
possible developing the following specific
objectives: a) Validate environmental indicators related to biodiversity for
determine the level of urban sustainability; b) Generate a database using
geo-information in the urban environment about public space and vegetation
coverage; c) Apply a data matrix to determine t=
he
level of sustainability.
The
analytical-descriptive method and field observation were used, through the
analysis of secondary information from bibliographic sources and the collec=
tion
of primary source data through participatory re=
search
between the Higher Polytechnic School of Chimborazo and the Municipality of
Riobamba, whose objectives were fulfilled as follows:<=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times =
New Roman",serif;
border:none;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
1.&n=
bsp;
Validate environmental indicators relate=
d to
the increase of biodiversity to determine the l=
evel
of urban sustainability in Riobamba.
The diagno=
sis of
the Environmental component in the increase of Riobamba biodiversity was ma=
de
following the parameters:
·
Access of citizens to green spaces
·
Compensation to waterproofing and
sealing: Permeability
index
·
Provision of trees in the public space <=
/span>
·
Green runners
·
A second layer of biodiversity in height=
·
A second layer of biodiversity in height:
greening of facades
Taking as a
starting point situations related to the analysis of urban biodiversity developed in different cities of Latin America a=
nd
Europe, a compilation of essential factors that allow to know the reality of
the city was carried out.
a.&n=
bsp;
Selection and classification of indicato=
rs
The Urban
Sustainability Indicators Plan is an instrument=
that
responds to a certain more sustainable city model with the intention of
quantitatively and qualitatively assessing the urbanization process of the =
city
of Riobamba from an integral and systemic point of view with sustainability
criteria.
Taking into account the aforementioned, the experiences=
of
the countries that have carried out the studies on the urban biodiversity
aspect have been used as an initial point to be analyzed and compared with =
the
reality of the city of Riobamba.
In differe=
nt cities or organizations such as; city of Vitoria-Gasteiz of Spain,=
the
City Council of Malaga jointly with the European Union with the URBAN
INITIATIVE URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS, United Nations in conjunction w=
ith
ECLAC in the project Application of urban
sustainability indicators to social housing, Network of Networks of Sustain=
able
Local Development, with the help of BCN Ecology, the Government of Spain and
the Special Plan of Indicators of Environmental Sustainability of the Urban
Development Activity of Seville, are the cities=
that
carry out indicators of sustainability to urban biodiversity.
b.&n=
bsp;
Discrimination of the obtained indicator=
s
Using the
information of cities that have applied the indicators for biodiversity, ha=
ving
a total of 24 indicators of sustainability, we =
have
proceeded to the verification in the field if the indicators can be adapted=
to
the city, and if the information required by the indicators exists in the G=
ADM
Riobamba, otherwise they have discriminated from the table, thus being the first indicators of the city.
The indica=
tors
were adapted to the reality of the city of Riobamba in order to have cohere=
nt
results using the methodology consisting of secondary information collectio=
n,
interviews, observation, field work, which are used
by Spain, the UN, Ecology BCN, ECLAC and the cities that are in the process=
of
analyzing sustainability, the same ones that when carrying out the studies =
only
adapt the weights or update them to improve biodiversity in the urban area =
of
the main cities.
c.&n=
bsp;
National and international observations<=
/span>
Through the
consultation of the international observations of the World Organization of=
the
Departure (2010), the laws that govern within the Ecuadorian territory and =
of
the competences of the GADM through the (COTAD =
2016)
the Territorial Organization of the GADM (municipality) Riobamba, will help=
us
to observe if in the city, what is established by international observation=
s is
complied with as per the laws.
·
Field trips were made to collect the
geographic data with the GPS.
·
Through the information obtained from GA=
DM
Riobamba and ESPOCH's forestry school, the geographically referenced data w=
ere
integrated, edited, analyzed and incorporated.
·
The GIS (Geographical Information System=
) was
used as a tool, by means of information on the
location and representation on maps.
The select=
ed
indicators were transferred to the Office Excel 2013 software, in which the
degree of compliance with the criteria can
subsequently be measured.
For the da=
ta
matrix as explained by (Walter, 2013) and according to the needs that this =
work
requires, the first results are generated that show the sustainability of
biodiversity in the city of Riobamba.
The weight=
s and statistical formulas that were used are those that ha=
ve
been handled in the aforementioned projects that will help measure the
sustainability of Riobamba, at the same time observe the existing shortcomi=
ngs
within the urban area.
Eleven the
results of the environmental measurement relate=
d to
the increase in biodiversity in the parks of the Riobamba canton are obtain=
ed,
the results will be systematized in order to discern and identify the
sustainable areas where the greatest weakness or deficit is found. in the fulfillment of the weights.
Surveys we=
re
applied to know the satisfaction of the urban community on the existing par=
ks
in the city, determining a representative sample based on the formula of fi=
nite
populations.
![](3D"06-IdentificadorCatalinaVerduga_archivos/image020.png")
Where:
n: =
Sample size=
N: =
Studio Universe
P: =
Probability of occurrence (50%)<=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times =
New Roman",serif;
border:none;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>
Q: =
Probability of non-occurrence (50%)
e: =
Error range (5%)
z: =
Confidence level (1,96)
The
investigation was conducted in Riobamba located in the province of Chimbora=
zo,
in the central inter-Andean area of Ecuador. Coordinates in UTM, Zone=
17S, DATUM W=
GS 84
X: <=
/span>759607
Y: <=
/span>9814770
Altitud:
2754m.s.n.m. (Fuente: Cartografía base del Instituto Geográfico Militar. 2002).
After anal=
yzing
the environmental indicators from various sources at the global, regional a=
nd
local levels, it was determined that the following are those of greater
adaptability to the reality of Riobamba, especially to the vision that its population and local authorities have=
on
environmental sustainability.
Due to the=
fact
that the project has been compiling environmental indicators from 2016 to 2=
019,
the amount of information on sustainability indicators, not only environm
| Follow up and control<=
/b> |
|||||||
|
Summary of biodiversity
evaluation in Riobamba |
|||||||
|
Criteria |
|
General weighting |
|||||
|
Indicator |
Current value |
Weighing=
|
Low |
Medium |
High |
% |
|
|
Access of citizens to green
spaces |
Quantity in m2 of green areas and recreation per inhabitant |
8,18 |
Medium |
0 |
1 |
0 |
68,20 |
|
Percentage of parks built, not cared for by citizens and the munici=
pality
of Riobamba. |
58,08 |
Medium |
0 |
1 |
0 |
41,92 |
|
|
Compensation to the waterproo=
fing
and sealing: index of permeability |
Percentage of buildability in relation to the total area of urban a=
reas
of Riobamba |
27,52 |
Medium |
0 |
1 |
0 |
72,49 |
|
Permeability of impermeability in green=
areas
and recreation |
21,01 |
High |
0 |
0 |
1 |
78,99 |
|
|
Endowment of trees in the pub=
lic
space |
Tree allocation per hectare |
10 |
Low |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4,92 |
|
Number of trees that are considered as heritage within the historic=
center of the city |
66 |
Medium |
0 |
1 |
0 |
94,29 |
|
|
Percentage of tree species in the area, found in parks and recreati=
on
areas |
61,58 |
Medium |
0 |
1 |
0 |
89,24 |
|
|
Green paths |
Percentage of green corridors allocated to the total area of the ur=
ban
area of Riobamba |
14,85 |
Low |
1 |
0 |
0 |
49,50 |
|
Percentage of green coverage =
in
green areas and recreation |
Percentage of green coverage in green and recreational areas |
78,99 |
High |
0 |
0 |
1 |
112,85 |
|
A second layer of biodiversit=
y in
height |
Percentage of buildings in the historic center=
that meet the greening of facades |
10,67 |
Low |
1 |
0 |
0 |
7,73 |
|
|
General sustainability |
Total weighting |
|
3 |
5 |
2 |
61,97 |
Note: Arias, 2016
![](3D"06-IdentificadorCatalinaVerduga_archivos/image021.jpg")
Note: Arias, M.=
2016
Once the
indicators were determined, we proceeded to assign percentage values to each
one, considering as the maximum value, that is, 100%, the beginning of the
value at which the "high" category begins.
With the r=
esults
obtained, it can be seen that the sustainabilit=
y of
Riobamba is in the category "Medium" corroborating the informatio=
n in
figure 1, it can be seen that there are low indicators such as the allocati=
on
of trees per hectare and the buildings of the historic center that comply with the greening of the facades, as
average indicators the percentage of parks built that are not adequately ca=
red
for by the citizens and the municipality, the percentage of impermeability =
in
green areas and of recreation, the percentage o=
f tree
species in the area, which are found in parks and recreation areas and the
percentage of green corridors allocated to the total area of the urban area=
of
the Riobamba canton; and high indicators being the amount in m2 of green ar=
eas
and recreation per inhabitant, the percentage of
buildable in relation to the total area of the urban areas of the canton, t=
he
number of trees that are considered as heritage within the historic center =
of
the city and the percentage of green coverage in green areas and recreational areas, which allows Riobamba to be identi=
fied
as a city that in its territorial planning has considered issues of
sustainability in its biodiversity, however, there are environmental factors
that must be improved so that it can meet with the necessary
criteria to be considered as a city that applies international standards to=
be
called "sustainable city" at the level of biodiversity within the
urban area.
b) After
applying the formula of the sample it was determined that the ideal number =
of surveys applied to the population is a number of 400,=
to
know among other things its perseveration on the state of the environment of
its city and the needs of green spaces for recreation.=
Below is a
summary of the main questions asked to the citizenship.
|
QUESTIONS
ASKED TO CITIZEN IN RIOBAMBA |
||||
| 1. Do you think the amount of parks and green =
spaces
in Riobamba are sufficient to supply the demand and satisfaction of its
inhabitants? |
YES 36% |
NO 64% |
||
|
2. How do you consider the state of conservati=
on of
parks/green spaces in Riobamba? |
Very good 1% |
Good 27% |
Regular 61% |
Bad 11% |
|
3. What do you think should be implemented in =
the
parks and green spaces? |
Trees 48% |
Bushes 47% |
Herbaceous 5% |
|
|
4. What do you think should be implemented in =
the
parks and green spaces of the city to improve its appearance in building?=
|
Sports courts 29% |
Playgrounds 42% |
Entertainment scenarios 30% |
|
|
5. What material do you think should be implem=
ented
in the parks and green spaces to improve children´s games? |
Wood 33% |
Iron 17% |
Mixed 50% |
|
|
6. Are you agree that musical, cultural and sp=
ortive
events perform in these parks? |
Yes 33% |
No 8% |
||
|
7. Your neighborhood has a
suitable park? |
Yes 33% |
No 67% |
||
|
8. Do you consider the parks/green spaces in y=
our neighborhood are enough to satisfy the entire commu=
nity? |
Yes 21% |
No 79% |
||
|
9. How do you consider the state of conservati= on of parks and green spaces in your neighborhood?<= o:p> |
Very good 1% |
Good 22% |
Regular 50% |
Bad 28% |
|
10. Do you know any municipal ordinance or
regulations about caring parks and the sanctions that imply their
carelessness? |
Yes 22% |
No 79% |
||
|
11.Do you know if Riobamba can be classified a=
s a
sustainable city in relation to the parameters established in the Habitat=
III
conference? |
Yes 24% |
No 76% |
||
|
12. Do you believe that project should be carr=
ied
out to improve the states of conservation, use, tourism and aesthetics of=
the
parks and green spaces of the city? |
Yes 92% |
No 8% |
Note: Verdugo, 2019 =
c) In addi=
tion,
the main green areas of the city were georeferenced and those in a state of
deterioration, among other indicators that will be presented in subsequent
works.
![](3D"06-IdentificadorCatalinaVerduga_archivos/image022.png")
Note=
: Mario Ar=
ias
2016 and inventory of part=
ks of Riobam=
ba
conducted by the School of Forestry ESPOCH 2012
![](3D"06-IdentificadorCatalinaVerduga_archivos/image023.png")
Note=
: Mario Ar=
ias
2016 and inventory of part=
ks of Riobam=
ba
conducted by the School of Forestry ESPOCH 2012
d) Finally=
, a
series of improvement recommendations were delivered and socialized to the
Environmental Management of the municipality of Riobamba, where in the futu=
re
it is intended to publish material for the popu=
lation
of Riobamba to learn about this work and its possible collaboration in
environmental improvement strategies for the city.
Conclusiones=
:
Referencia=
s bibliográficas:
Asamblea
Nacional del Ecuador. (2016). Artículo 488, Código de Ordenamiento Territor=
ial,
Autonomía y descentralización. Quito - Ecuador.
Ayuntamiento
de Málaga. (2009). Indicadores de la Sostenibilidad. Málaga -
España.
Ciudades
más verdes en América latina y el Caribe. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNID=
AS
PARA LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y LA AGRICULTURA. 2014. Roma, pp. 50-53.
Conferencia
Habitat III. La nueva agenda urbana. 2016.
Conferencia de la ONU sobre la vivienda y el desarrollo urbano sostenible.
Quito- Ecuador, pp. 20-27
Coordinadora
Estatal de Productores de Café de Oaxaca (CEPCO). Video 7:51min. Observator=
io
TV. Publicado 14 de marzo de 2016. Recuperado el 10 de enero de 2017.
Manual
del Sistema de indicadores ambientales. Sistema Único de información Ambien=
tal
(SUIA). 2014. Ministerio de Ambiente de Ecuador, pp. 22-30.
Quiroga,
R. 2007. Indicadores ambientales y de desarrollo sostenible: avances y
perspectivas para América Latina y el Caribe. Manuales. Serie 55. CEPAL-ONU.
Diciembre 2007. Santiago de Chile, Chile, pp. 15-21
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http://www.igm.gob.ec/work/files/downloads/mapafisico.html
October 25, 2018. Comisión económica para América
Latina y el Caribe. Recovered
from https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/5498/1/S0700589_e=
s,
December 12, 2018. Observatorio del sector social= de la economía. Recov= ered from http://osse.org.mx/ December 20, 2016. Recovered from http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Brochure-Espa%C3%B1ol-Web-final.pdf<= o:p>
April,19, 2019.
Recovered from
http://suia.ambiente.gob.ec/documentos?p_p_id=3D20&p_p_lifecycle=3D0&am=
p;p_p_state=3Dnormal&p_p_mode=3Dview&p_p_col_id=3Dcolumn-1&p_p_=
col_pos=3D1&p_p_col_count=3D2&_20_struts_action=3D%2Fdocument_libra=
ry%2Fview&_20_folderId=3D185876
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ica-Latina-Caribe.pdf
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PARA
CITAR EL ARTÍCULO INDEXADO.
Verdugo Bernal, C. M., Piray Quezada, M. I., Velasteguí Cáceres, J. D.,
& Arias Guanga, M. G. (2020). Identificación de indicadores ambientales
relacionados con el nivel de biodiversidad para determinar el turismo urbano
sostenible utilizando geo tecnologías. Estudio de caso: Riobamba-Ecuador. <=
i>Explorador
Digital, 4(3), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.33262/exploradordigital.v=
4i3.1289
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necesariamente reflejan el pensamiento de la Revista Explorador Digital.
El artículo qu=
eda
en propiedad de la revista y, por tanto, su publicación parcial y/o total en
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